Assessing Importance of School Factors Such as Racism Essay Example for Free

Assessing Importance of School Factors Such as Racism EssayA variety of material disadvantages that may confront heathen minorities coming from running(a) class backgrounds are they do not achieve the same level of education. The main achievers are Indian, Chinese and Afri jackpot students, but the mooest achievers are Turkish, East Pakistani And Afro Caribbean students. The white working class students are the upsetest achieving, which is peculiar be construct most sociologists are white who stereotype and label other students from different backgrounds.The main cause of underachievement in schools are cultural and language factors which sociologists clarify and focus on and are thought to be main cause of everything. Previously the spotlight has been specify on what happens in school and racism in common As shown by Cecile Wright, which explains that, Asian students can also be the victims of teachers Cecile found out that careless(predicate) of the schools evident prom ise to equal opportunities, teachers still hold ethnocentric views they believe that British culture and English are greater.This prepared teachers to assume that they would have a poor pronunciation of English and left them out of class debates or used basic, childlike speech when speaking to them. Asian pupils also felt cut out off when teachers spoken dissatisfaction of their behaviour or misread their names. Teachers saw them not as a risk but as a difficulty they could make believe no notice of. This resulted in that Asian pupils in particular the girls were lumbering-pressed to the limits and disallowed from play a part fully.Close at hand is proof of teacher racial discrimination and harmful labelling. Nevertheless study shows that pupils can take action in variety of ways. They may take action by bonny unsettling or withdrawn but pupils may decline to agree to the label and even choose to prove it incorrect by putting in wicked work. Off-putting labels do not repeatedly twist into self-fulfilling prophecy Working class white pupils attain below standards and have lesser desires. There isnt much parental support at class, which means in that respect is low achievement and goals.Reports show that teachers have to deal with low level of behaviour and slump in white working class schools. Nevertheless they had fewer kids on benefit programs teachers blame this on inadequate parental support at home and negative attitude that white working class parents have towards their children and their education. The life in the street for white working class can be grueling for pupils which means they get used to getting intimidating and intimidate other which they pick up and use in school to cause disruptions and make it hard for other students to succeed at school.Underachievement of student of different is blamed on cultural deprivation. Few sociologists say that Afro-Caribbean families lack a close relationship to their family and whence are extremely v iolent towards everything they do. Arguments explain that families arent very supportive towards their children and they dont offer enough cultural capital for their children. Stereotypical views point those students are not deprived because of their class or because of their backgrounds.Factors like social class are important to certain ethnic minorities like Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and a massive amount of Afro-Caribbean students, which are all working class backgrounds in which material deprivation play a main role because to find out wherefore they achieve below the national standards. Sociologists say schools and course of instructions made just for one specific group of ethnic minority gives priority to one particular ethnic minority while disregarding other ethnic groups. Some schools have curriculums, which are ethnocentric because they only give priority to English languages.The British curriculum has been described as exclusively British. In history Britain is thought to bring civilisation to ancient people are colonised. Black people as low-level weakens black childrens self esteem and Leads to them to underachieving and failing. It isnt for sure what effects the ethnocentric study shows that black dont really suffer from low self esteem. Wrights study found some ethnic minority groups received poorer interaction from staff. Teachers perceptions were seem as stereotypical although Asian students were seen as proficient and black students were seen disruptive and disobedient.Study show that schools in cities which contain ethnic minority students were not benefitting in terms of O Levels entries because of being in low set and having to achieve high grade in order to get good results and become successful. Overall taking into consideration we can not bristle or label ethnicity from social classes and gender since this is really difficult matter as some of the main achieving students are from ethnic minorities so for that reason there isnt a co nnection here so we cant make statements or come to conclusions as to what the association among ethnic groups and schools actually are.Pupils can refuse to accept negative classing and teacher expectations. Sociologists cant come to a conclusion to explain what occurs between teacher and students or what takes place in different ethnic groups related to education. Students live up to roles they are given but can try to resist the labels and getting put behind by carrying out what is thought of them to do or do what they want to do and achieve good education and become successful.

Cask of Amontialldo - Character Traits Essay Example for Free

Cask of Amontialldo Character Traits EssayThe character of Montresor in, The Cask of Amontillado is one who can besides be defined with words along the lines of evil, or wicked. He vows to avenge the bold and childish Fortunato, whom Montresor swears did him wrong. Montresor could be described with many bold words, one cosmos guilty. Though he is guilty, he is determined not to get caught. For instance, Montresor declares, I must not only punish, but punish with impunity (Poe, 1). Essentially, he is saying he will seek revenge on Fortunato, but he will get away with the vicious crime. Another obvious character trait for the indirect Montresor, is dishonest.He claims to have obtained a cask of Amontillado, when the reader can tell through situational irony this is not true. He claims, I have received a pipe of what passes for Amontillado, but I have my doubts (Poe 1). Fortunato unknowingly follows the fiend, and in theory, seals his own fate. Montresor is also quite sneaky. He slyly gets Fortunato into a small inlet in his wine cellar also a home for skeletal remains. He hastily chains him up before the poor Fortunato can even escort whats happening.Explaining the situation, Montresor says, inding his progress arrested by the rock, stood stupidly bewildered a moment more and i fettered him to the granite (Poe 4). Lastly, Montresor is just plain mysterious. Readers never know exactly why he decided to go after Fortunato, but it is hinted he offended the killer in some way. When asked about his coat of arms, Montresor blatantly states, A human foot the foot crushes a serpent rampant whose fangs are imbedded in the heel (Poe 3). The motto underneath is nemo me impune lacessit (Poe 3). To conclude, Montresor plays not only a contaminating character, but one of many evils.

Historical Background Of The Upanishads Philosophy Essay

Historical Background Of The Upanishads Philosophy EssayThe Upanishads ar said to contain the essence of the Vedas and the Vedas argon the source of the (no unavoidableness for the here) Vedanta philosophy. They contain the spiritual experiences and revelations of sages, the Rishis. They argon said to be the products of the highest wisdom, supreme divine knowledge, which was directly heard (shrutti) in meditation. Hence they stir the hearts of people and inebriate them..They give supreme food for the soul1They are rich in profound philosophical thought and there is great depth of meaning in the passages and verses. They give a vivid description of the nature of Atman, the Supreme Soul and expound suitable methods and aids to unwrap the Immortal brahmin, the Highest Purusha.2They have exercised considerable exercise on the religion and philosophy in India.The Upanishads are regarded as the final part of the Vedas, and primarily discuss philosophy, meditation and the nature of Go d and form the sum of m aney spiritual thought of Vedantic Hinduism. They are considered as mystic and spiritual contemplations of the Vedas, and are known as Vedanta (the end/culmination of the Vedas). Although the Vedas look byward in idolatry and awe of the phenomenal demesne, the Upanishads look inward to the powers of military personnel consciousness.Opinion differs as to the age of the Upanishads. Some Western scholars have fixed the age as sixth century BCE, but they do not belong to a particular period of Sanskrit literature. The oldest, such as Brhadaranyaka and Chandogya may date to the Brahmana period (roughly before the seventh century BCE) while the youngest may date to the medieval or early modern period. However, Sivananda would say they are dateless and eternal as they came out of the gumshield of Brahman and so existed before the creation of the world.Shad means to shatter or destroy so by having knowledge of the Upanishads one destroys ignorance, and knowledge of Brahman is called Upanishad because it leads to Brahman and helps aspirants attain Brahman. Other schools of thought say Upanishad means sitting at the feet of the teacher. The Upanishads were not meant for the masses, as they contain the highest speculations of philosophy. They were only meant for the select few, who were seen as worthy to attain instruction initially from the rishis and later from the Brahmin teaching caste, hence the term Upanishad at first signified secret teaching or doctrine. The teachers integrated to turn over the Brhma Rishis. The Vedas were initially not written down but passed on orally, by chants and hymns. The Aryan migrants brought Sanskrit to India and so the Upanishads were eventually written down by the Rishis and Brahmin priests. everywhere 1000 have been recorded but Sankaracharya (8th century mystic who reawakened India to its spiritual heritage) is said to have collected together 108 Upanishads, which are summ jumpd in his famous flow Th e Viveka Chudamani. Of these the principal 10 Upanishads still studied today, are the Brhadarnayaka, Chandogya, Isha, Kena, Katha, Mandukya, Aitareya, Taittiriya, Mudaka and Prashna.The ancient rishis sought to understand the fundamental truths of mans being the origins, the nature and the destiny of man and his universe, the meaning of life, the world and the relation of the individual to the supreme soul. They sought answers to these basic questionswho am I, what is the universe, whence are we born, on what do we rest, where do we go, are there such things as immortality, freedom, perfection, eternal bliss, everlasting peace,what is Atman, Brahman, or the self-importance, which is birthless, deathless, changeless, self-existenthow to attain immortality or Brahman, what is the means of freedom from earthly bondage.The road to self-discovery is discussed in the Taittiriya Upanishad, which gives us rules for right conduct in our lives and advises If you are in doubt about right condu ct, Follow the example of the sages, who know what is best for spiritual growth.3(chpt 11-v4). It tells us the body is only the outer layer adjoin our self, each layer less physical than the last the physical sheath is made up of food (Pt 2, 2.1), the vital sheath is made up of supporting breath (3.1), the mental sheath is made up of waves of thought (3.1) and the sheath of wisdom is the intellect and within this is the sheath of bliss. Bliss is the heart, and Brahman the foundation. Those who affirm the gentle affirm themselves.4In the journey to discover who we are, the rishis looked at these states of consciousness (Brihadranyaka Upanishad chpt4). As awareness is withdrawn from these layers of consciousness it was discovered that the sense is not conscious, it is only an doer of our consciousness. If we were able to observe from within each state, would that be the knower, ie the self? In all creatures, all persons the Self is the innermost essence. Janaka asks who is the se lf and Yajnavalka replies The Self, pure awareness, shines as the light within the heart, surrounded by the sense. Only seeming to think, seeming to move, the Self neither sleeps nor wakes nor dreams.This notion of the Self and Brahman being one is considered in the Katha Upanishad (chpt2-v20). Hidden in the heart of every creature exists the Self, subtler than the subtlest, greater than the greatest. They go beyond sorrow who extinguish their self-will and behold the glory fo the Self through the grace of the Lord of Love. A similar theme arouse be seen in the Isha Upanishad in its description of the Lord as being enshrined in the hearts of all. This seems to merge into a description of the Self culminating in v8 He it is who holds the cosmos together.The question of attaining immortality or Brahman is discussed in the Katha Upanishad, where we have a jejune boy (Natchiketa) as the student and death (Yama) being the teacher. This studies the notion of reincarnation, wherein Natc hiketa is sacrificed to death by his father but Natchiketa is granted tether wishes, one for each of the three nights he has spent in the house of Yama (Pt 1-chpt1-v9-29. Natchiketa asks that when he is reincarnated his father will recognise him, secondly that he wants to remember what has gone before, he doesnt want to put up prior knowledge and thirdly he wants to know for certain if his sole really exists after death. The answer is to renounce passing pleasures and seek wisdom (chpt2-v3-4). Death says, The truth of the Self cannot come through one who has not realised the Self5, so self-realisation is the key. The ignorant believe that when the body dies, they die.This is further expounded by the Mandukya Upanishad which teaches us the need for knowledge through awareness and how this can be passed on through teachers. There are two types of knowledge, that taught through study, or frown knowledge, and the higher knowledge which leads to self-realisation, through mediation those who are pure in heart, who practice meditation and conquer all their senses and passions, shall attain the immortal Self..The Prashna Upanishad also tells us after the sage Pippaladas explanation of where we come from (qu1-v4-10), that those who meditate, seek wisdom, self-discipline and faith in God will travel after death to the Supreme refuge, beyond the reach of fear and free from the cycle of birth and death. This Upanishad concludes with the question Do you know the self? (QuVI-v1) and Pippaladas summary describes the sixteen forms of the self within the body and that one must realise the self so that these sixteen forms disappear. Then there is no more name or form for us as human beings and we attain immortality. The self is the paramount goal of life. Attain this goal and go beyond death. (QuVI-v)iii) Where did I come from?This question is posed by the Kena Upanishad by whom? Who makes my mind think?who sees through my eyes and hears through my ears? The teacher repli es The Self is the ear of the ear, the eye of the eye and the mind of the mind.. This Upanishad is about knowing Brahman yet how can this not be an impossible task for the average man? How can we possibly conceive of understanding something so abstract and inscrutable? Yet we are urged to try It is the power of Brahman that makes the mind to think, desire, and will. Therefore use this power to meditate on Brahman. (chpt4-v5-6) However, it seems we are compelled to continually ask questions without questions we cannot develop. What gives us this desire to know, to attain self-realisation?Easwarans interpretation of this question is by whom impelled do all the motions of life stir?6Easwaran also quotes Shankara, By whose mere presence does that desire arise which moves the universe? Swami Vishnudevananda says just as the perception of things in the gross world is impossible without light, so knowledge of self cannot emerge other than by inquiry. Who am I? How was this universe born? What is its cause?7Just as mans quest for enjoyment finds that joy is within himself, knowledge will never be expel until he turns his vision inwards. The Upanishads tell us that all knowledge is in the self, and in fact, knowledge is self. That eternal knowledge of the self when reflected through the mind and mavin of man becomes intuition, reason and instinct. In lower animals it is manifested as instinct, in man as reason and in advanced man as intuition. Individual earth is therefore a manifestation of the real existence of the self. So it seems to me we are compelled to seek knowledge, and therefore by implication to seek knowledge of the self. As Easwaran points out, exploring the unconscious requires the daring of youth, as in the Katha Upanishad. The Katha Upanishad seems to be saying that within all human experience it is only the Self that is the enjoyer, and so once one attains self-realisation there will nothing further to know. In the mean clock man is forever search ing, searching, even when he doesnt know what he is looking for. As Vishnudevananda points out some scale Mount Everest to learn, others navigate under the Artic oceans, while others fly into outer space. Others retire from the world to study or roam the world in search of knowledge. I see this will go on for a long time yet until man has reached a stage of intellect where self-realisation becomes attainable for all, in ages to come. In the meantime we aspire to seek out extra little bits of knowledge and we pick up lots more along the way by accident without even realising it. The problem for us lowly mortals is in a quote I heard a long time ago when I was at college and has stuck with me ever since, although I dont know who said it or when is not just the known unknown but the unknown unknown. I am aware of many things I do not know but there is of course an ocean of things which I dont even realise are there to be known. It seems an impossible task. Perhaps as I take the advice of the Upanishads and practise meditation, in years to come I may begin to feel as if I have started on my own journey.

Effects of the World War on the Cold War

Effects of the conception fight on the ice-cold state of warThis essay will firstly consider the major events of the inter-World War period the grounding of the League of Nations, the role of American isolationism, and the wide Depression and its consequences for Europe. Secondly, it will consider how these events influenced American foreign policy and shaped the American response to the perceived bane of Soviet expansion in Europe in the early post-World War Two period.In the aftermath of World War One, Woodrow Wilson asserted that the best charge to ensure world peace was the creation of the League of Nations, a forum where grievances could be heard and debated so that war could be avoided. The master(prenominal) reason for its chastening was the subsequent American return to its tradition of isolationism, which was caused by the shock of the wars brutality as well as indifference to the plight of Europeans. The striking Depression began in 1929 and its effects were fel t worldwide. It encouraged extremist and nationalist views among m both(prenominal) populations and gave Hitler his opportunity to take power in Germany and reduced the ability of heavy(p) Britain and France to maintain security in Europe.1Orthodox historians hold that after World War Two the desire of the get together States for a new world prepare based on the rules of the United Nations Charter and Soviet attempts to take control in Europe caused the onset of the Cold War. However, revisionist historians argue that United States policy makers caused the Cold War by failing to differentiate between peripheral and vital inte easinesss and unreasonably not allowing a Soviet sphere of influence in east Europe. As the Soviets had destroyed two thirds of the German army to bring this area under their control the US position can easily be seen as unfair.2After the 1917 Bolshevik revolution in Russia, US troops were sent to Russian cities and despite being ordered not to interfere i n the result civil war, they did help anti-Communist forces indirectly. This shows that America was apprehensive at best about the Communist takeover in Russia and this combined with the Soviet policy of encouraging the dispense of Communism worldwide ensured that Washington refused to establish diplomatic relations with Moscow. This could be seen as the start of the Cold War.3In the aftermath of the Second World War it was left to the Soviet legal jointure and the United States to decide how the new world order would be shaped. Americans recalled that they had not taken seriously the threat posed by Hitler during the 1930s and were encouraged to see Stalin as a new Hitler and as a man that must be stopped. American leaders may hand over been less willing to reason with Soviet demands because they feared that this would be seen as appeasement in America and in Moscow and would only embolden the Soviets. Therefore kind of than a return to isolationism and the policy of appeasemen t that had devastating consequences in relation to Hitlers Germany the United States resolved to tackling the Soviets in a confrontational manner.4George F. Kennan said that for despotism there are at least no better examples that Germany and Russia.5 The view that the Soviets presented a threat to America was enhanced by the widespread view in America that Soviet military victories in Eastern Europe were acts of aggression rather than a mission of liberation. Soviet security concerns caused by a muniment of constant invasion from the West were not recognised and the prevailing view was that after conquering the whole of Europe the Soviet pairing would challenge the rest of the world.6The failure of the League of Nations was attributed mainly to the lack of American commitment to playing a major role in world affairs. Therefore when the United Nations was set-up the United States committed to playing a major role in world affairs. This meant confronting any perceived threat of ag gression directly with the hope of stamping out any threat to world peace quickly and put the US on course for a collision with the Soviet Union. This led to the Soviet defensive policy of creating buffer zones defend against possible invasion being misinterpreted in Washington as aggressive behaviour that posed a threat to world peace.The problem with the United Nations was that whilst it was endorsed by all sides, key differences between each sides respective positions were concealed. Thus many in America believed that the United Nations would be able to ensure world peace but controversial issues such as Eastern Europe were not resolved. This caused a tide of disillusionment with the UN to stick to as it failed to live up to its expectations when these controversial issues became crises between the wartime allies.7American refusal to grant the Soviet Union a meaningful loan after World War Two, like that given to Great Britain, rejuvenated old Soviet fears and contributed to it s uncooperativeness. To grant a loan would have helped heal Soviet economic wounds and dispel fears of another Great Depression therefore reducing the insecurities that lead to aggression. It also would have given a strong base for continued cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union after the wars end.8In 1944 United States Secretary of State Hull announced A world in economic chaos would be forever a breading ground for trouble and war.9 Hull believed that lower barriers to world trade would help sow the seeds of world peace because as classical liberals had long argued commerce is the main bond between nations. Americans saw the key to avoiding another depression as guaranteeing markets abroad for their goods and the improvement in the standard of living worldwide that would follow as a way to reduce the likelihood of future war. Soviet refusal to play a role in the Bretton Woods monetary system should have been judge and posed a threat to the American belief tha t war could be prevented through economics.10The Cold War was partly caused by the lack of a cat valium enemy that posed a greater threat to the Soviet Union and the United States than they posed to each other. This is because World War Two bankrupted Britain and left Germany and lacquer in ruins. This can be seen throughout history that fragile alliances breakdown almost as soon as the common enemy is defeated. In this content the cracks began to appear long before Germany was fully defeated.11It could be argued that because of the inherent differences in Soviet and American ideology, the Cold War was inevitable regardless of the actions of statesmen on both sides. This is because the US was determined to see the spread of capitalist democracy as it saw this as the best way to prevent war and the Soviet Union believed that worldwide adoption of Communism was inevitable and that inter state war would be replaced by class war.12World War Two caused a sky in United States foreign policy. Previously, most Americans believed that a minimal amount of overseas commitments and alliances as the key to security. However, after World War Two intricacy in world affairs rather than isolationism was seen as the key to preventing new wars. The Soviets, however, saw the key to world peace as staying strong themselves and keeping Germany vague rather than Washingtons collective security and increased world trade.13The American vision for the post war world was strongly influenced by a preoccupation with the past. Roosevelt was determined to avoid repeating the mistakes that had led to World War Two and so pursued the policies of self-determination, increased world trade, creation of international institutions and bland surrender of belligerents. However, he failed to realise the effect that these policies would have on his other main aim of ensuring continued cooperation with the Soviet Union after the end of the war.14ReferencesBagby, W. Americas international Relati ons Since World War I. Oxford and New York Oxford University Press, 1999.Barston, R, ed. world(prenominal) Politics since 1945. Hampshire Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1991.Cole, W. An Interpretive History of American Foreign Relations, Homewood, Illinois The Dorsey Press, 1968.Gaddis, J. The United States and the Origins of the Cold War 1941-1947. capital of the United Kingdom and New York Columbia University Press, 1972.Paterson, T. Meeting the Communist Threat Truman to Reagan. Oxford New York Oxford University Press, 1988.1Footnotes1 Cole, W. An Interpretive History of American Foreign Relations, Homewood, Illinois The Dorsey Press, 1968, pp. 373-380.2 Bresler, R. The Origins and Development of the Cold War, 1945-58 in Barston, R, ed. International Politics since 1945. Hampshire Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1991, pg 1.3 Bagby, W. Americas International Relations Since World War I. Oxford and New York Oxford University Press, 1999, pg 56.4 Paterson, T. Meeting the Commu nist Threat Truman to Reagan. Oxford New York Oxford University Press, 1988, pp. 4-12.5 Ibid, pg 4.6 Ibid, pg 11.7 Gaddis, J. The United States and the Origins of the Cold War 1941-1947. capital of the United Kingdom and New York Columbia University Press, 1972, pp. 30-31.8 Paterson, T. Meeting the Communist Threat Truman to Reagan. Oxford New York Oxford University Press, 1988, pp 107-108.9 Gaddis, J. The United States and the Origins of the Cold War 1941-1947. London and New York Columbia University Press, 1972, pg 18.10 Ibid., pp. 18-23.11 Bagby, W. Americas International Relations Since World War I. Oxford and New York Oxford University Press, 1999, pg 56, pp. 141-142.12 Cole, W. An Interpretive History of American Foreign Relations, Homewood, Illinois The Dorsey Press, 1968, pg 473.13 Gaddis, J. The United States and the Origins of the Cold War 1941-1947. London and New York Columbia University Press, 1972, pp. 353-354.14 Ibid., pg 31.

Are Bureaucratic and Scientific methods of Management out of date?

Are Bureaucratic and scientific manners of steering out of date?The ideas of the classical theorists, particularly those of bureaucracy and scientific management, atomic deem 18 for the more or less part considered as rather old fashi 1d and out of date, and of little relevance to work and organisation at once.Is this re onlyy the case? Consider the above statement with a critical examination of practices which mountain be identified in work today. In your analysis, you should draw upon appropriate academic material, and alike other sources which shag help in identifying current practices. These can include your own experiences from work, those of family relatives and friends, weblogs, working life diaries, newspaper articles and other media reports.Classical worry possibleness is a consistence ofmanagementthought based on the belief thatemployees pack onlyeconomicaland physicalneeds, and that social needs and need forjob-satisfactioneither dont hold out or be unimport ant. Accordingly, this schooladvocateshighspecialization of labor, centralizeddecision making, andprofit maximization. (www.businessdictionary.com) To reserve originated at the end of the nineteenth century and in the beginning of the 20th century, the Classical management Theory dominated management thinking in the 1920s and 1930s by emphasising on the efficiency of the work process. Classical solicitude Theory has three schools of thought, Scientific Management, which identifies the vanquish way to do a line of work Bureaucratic Management, which focuses on rules and procedure, hierarchy and clear division of bear on and Administrative Management, which emphasises the flow of information at bottom the organisation. (www.lehren.org) The aim of this essay is to discuss the three schools of thought of Classical Management Theory and to find out that whether they have really release outdated and are of little relevance to work and organisation in todays world.Frederick Taylor is known as the begetter of Scientific Management. Taylors approach was to ontogenesis organisational productiveness by raising the efficiency level of the labor process through emphasising on the empirical research. Especially in the United States where labour was in short supply, especially the skilled labour, at the start of the twentieth century and the only way of change magnitude productivity was by raising the efficiency of the workers. Scientific Management states that the line of work should be designed in such a way that both worker has a well-controlled and well-stipulated task, and specific methods and procedures are rigorously followed for each job. (www.lehren.org Cole, 2004) Taylors management theory is founded upon a fundamental belief that managers not only are intellectually better than an average employee, exclusively they have a positive duty as well to oversee staff and to organise their work activities. Therefore, his theory was only used on low-level repe titive and routine tasks which could be easily managed at supervisory level. Taylor developed four commandments for his theory of Scientific Management. First principle is to scientifically develop best methodology to set each task. Second principle is that managers should make sure that the best person is picked to perform the task and to make sure that he/she gets the best training. Third principle is that managers are responsible for assuring that the best person selected for the job does it by applying the best methodology. Last principle Taylor developed was that total responsibility for the work method should be removed from the worker and should be passed on to the management, and the employee is only responsible for the actual work performance. (Cole, 2004 Boddy, 2005)On production-line time studies Taylor has based his management system. Taylor contrived the best and quickest methods of performing each component by breaking down each job into its components and applying time study as his base. He also tried and true to persuade employers to pay a higher consider to more productive workers. In the early parts of twentieth century Scientific Management Theory became very popular as its use was shown to lead to improvements in productivity and efficiency in organisations and businesses.Max weber is known as the father of moderne Sociology. He had first used the term bureaucracy to describe an organisational form which in his view was superior to others. He viewed an ideal organisation to be bureaucratic whose divisions of labour were clearly expressed and whose objectives and activities were rationally thought. He believed that performance evaluation should entirely be made on the basis of merit and that technical competence should be emphasized on. The key elements of a bureaucracy are defined by Weber as A clear chain of command within a well-defined hierarchy where the top post holders have the authority and the right to control the lower post holders Specialisation of skills and clear division of labour, where all(prenominal) employee will have the authority and essential expertise to finish a particular task In writing, accurate and complete rules and regulations, to control and govern all decisions, activities and situations Distant relationships between employees and managers, with clear duties of personnel and statements of the rights And all the decisions regarding selection, recruitment and promotion will be made on the basis of technical competence. The framework Weber provided for his theory of Bureaucratic Management advanced the formation of many huge corporations such as Ford. (www.lehren.org Stoner et al, 1996)Henri Fayol a French industrialist was one of the most prestigious management thinkers who developed one of the Classical Management Theory known as Administrative Management. Scientific Management theory was concerned with increasing the productiveness of the shop floor while Fayols theory grew out o f the need to find guidelines to manage complex organisations like factories. An early effort pioneered by Fayol was to identify the skills and principles that underlie effective management. According to Cole (2004), Fayol believed that sound management falls into certain patterns which once identified can be analysed, so he focused on management of business operations, which he felt had been the most neglected. He developed fourteen general principles of management based on his management experience. It was generally believed that mangers are born not made, before Fayol. He insisted that management was a skill like other skills which could be taught and learned once the principles underlying it were understood.The ideas Classical Theorists have indicateed still have many applications in the management of todays organisations but with some modifications. Managers of today are facing many internal challenges which are similar to the ones confront by the managers during earlier perio ds. Like Taylors concern for increase productivity of workers is still shared by managers. The Scientific Management theory is still relevant, even today but it is not as popular as it was in the past. The job design it presented is still widely used in industries today and has made most of the industrial work repetitive, tedious, menial and depressing, and can be noted for example in fast-food restaurants like KFC and McDonald and in assembly lines of car manufacturers. McDonalds divides its operation into a number of tasks such as operating a deep fryer or cooking operation, supervising and assign people to perform the tasks. The modern mass automobile assembly lines pour out finished merchandises faster than Taylor could have ever thought off or imagined. In addition to this, the efficiency techniques of Scientific Management are used in the training of Surgeons.Armies in the past employed the Scientific Management theory and armies of today still employ the same theory. Of the chief(prenominal) points listed select workers with appropriate or necessary skills for each job, a standard method to perform each task, training for standard task, eliminating interruptions and wage incentive for increasing output and planning work all but wage incentives are used by modern military for increased output. Wage incentives usually place in the form of skill bonuses in armies. Furthermore, industrial engineers of today are also taught Scientific Management methods which include job-tasks analysis, time and motion studies and detailed production planning regarding the field of operation research and management.In United States Bureaucratic Management is still used by service-based organisations like libraries. Libraries of Wichita State University are one concrete example where Webers Bureaucratic Management ideas are still applied. Postal service in United States is also still using bureaucracy. (www.biz.colostate.edu)Piece rate and mass production line systems ar e still being used in the manufacturing and garment industries of Mauritius. Sea-food hub is another industry where the Classical Management Theories are also applied.But since the emergence and formulation of the Classical Management Theories in the nineteenth century the economic landscape has rapidly changed. Businesses of today do not exist in a vacuum. They have become open systems with dynamic and constant interaction with the surroundings. Business surroundings of today is highly competitive and world(a), and managers of today are increasingly becoming aware of the business environment and its effects.There are two types of business environment known as the internal and the external environment. Factors that can be relatively controlled by the organisation relates to the internal environment. These factors are the employees, owners, customers, suppliers, pressure groups and authorities. The external environment constitutes of Political, Economical, Social and Technological (PEST) factors that cannot be controlled by the organisation. (Boddy, 2005)Business environment of today is characterised with uncertainty, changes and innovation. At the same time concern about the natural environment has also emerged worldwide. Current natural concerns are climate changes, pollution, ozone depletion and other global issues like population and food security. It is becoming more challenging because of the commotion in the financial sector and global economic slowdown. Businesses must adapt to the environment at all cost or die. As McDonalds have concluded managers of today have to be concerned not only with the scientific facts but with the environment and the public perception.The business environment in todays world is becoming exceedingly competitive and tough for organisations. The level of competition in almost every sector is intensifying. New opportunities and threats are being attaind constantly due to the changes in engineering science. Every aspect of th e business environment is sweeping with rapid change and hypnotism the managers to rethink the ways in which they do things. Smart companies are those which are working hard to improve their productivity, efficiency, testing new initiatives and adapting to the changing environment and technology in order to differentiate themselves from the competitors existing in these highly competitive business environments.The command and control style of management which was presented in the Classical Management Theories will work in an environment where there is plenty of room for error and both competition and change is limited, but in todays age of talk and computing it is impossible for such a case to exist. Things are changing very quickly in todays business environment and profit margins for organisations are reducing, and in addition to this more and more things are happening on a continuous basis. So due to the rapid pace at which changes are occurring, it has become important for org anisations to push down decision-making to the level in the organisation that has all of the relevant information at the time when a decision has to be made. This calls for placid different management attitudes, and demands for a flexible and democratic point of view and that accountability must be delegated, but all these things are not present in the Classical Management Theories. So for organisations to compete successfully with other organisations at national and international level, managers must act as entrepreneurs and try to create new business models that is to re-plan, strategize, rethink, learn continuously and innovate. The most important source for businesses to gain competitive advantage and sustainable development is innovation and innovative management. The theories presented by the classical theorists cannot cope with the dramatic and rapid changes of the business environment. Every procedure, standard ratio, process and rule of thumb is being challenged and re-eng ineered. Classical Management Theories which once were reliable guides for managers now are not enough for mangers to base their decisions and take actions upon them.So to conclude, organisations today are mostly influenced by the external environment (continuous technology change, globalisation, ferocious market share competition, hiring and retaining front line workers and executives) that often fluctuate with time. Yet Classical Management Theories only portrays the image of an organisation that is not shaped by the external influences. In todays world of Classical Management Theories are gradually fading and the principal reason behind this is that people and their needs are considered as secondary to the needs of an organisation by Classical theorists. Nowadays, Human Resource Management has also very seriously challenged the scientific approach. Furthermore, in organisations the Bureaucratic Management is rapidly giving way to the Matrix structure. However, Classical Managem ent Theories are still important because they had introduced the concepts of management for intellectual analysis and provided ideas which were further developed by the subsequent management schools of thought.ReferencesBoddy, D. (2005), Management An Introduction. 3rd ed. Essex Pearson Education Limited.Classic School Of Management, online Available at http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/classical-school-of-management.html Accessed 8 December 2010.Cole, G.A. (2004). Management Theory and Practice. sixth ed. London Thomson LearningManagement Evolution, online Available at http//www.biz.colostate.edu Accessed 8 December 2010.Module Fundamentals of Organisation. online Available at http//lehren.org/foundations/fundamentals.htm Accessed 8 December 2010.Stoner, J.A.F., et al (1996). Management. sixth ed. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Reality in Wallace Stevens’ The Man with the Blue Guitar Essay

Reality in Wallace Stevens The human with the Blue GuitarFor Wallace Stevens, humans is an abstraction with legion(predicate) perspective possibilities. As a poet, Stevens struggles to create original perspectives of reality. Wallace Stevens creates a new, modern reality in his poetry. Actually, Stevens decreates reality in his poetry. In The Necessary Angel, Stevens paraphrases Simone Weils coinage of decreation as the change from created to uncreated or from created to nothingness. Stevens then defines modern reality as, a reality of decreation, in which our revelations are not the revelations of belief, but the precious portents of our own powers(750). Stevens relates, through poetry, a destruction of traditional reality leading to a realization that the meaning of a poem is not truth, always recognizing that the poem is the poets perception of reality. This perception of reality is based on experience, historical context, and poetic skill, among others. The Man with t he Blue Guitar is a long poem that allows Stevens to change perspectives and create abstract realities. Parataxis in such a long poem allows for the decreation of reality and the relation of imagination. In his book, The long poems of Wallace Stevens An interpretive study, Rajeev S. Patke describes varied progression within The Man with the Blue Guitar as an indefinite improvisatory series. In such a series the unitary sections doze off their independent status as poems, and their masks and metaphors become stages in the continual play of metamorphosis which is the true life of Stevenss poetry(241). Imbedded in Patkes description of the true life of Stevenss poetry, is the parataxis that a sectioned poem provides. Each movement from section t... ...ique and presentation of Stevenss concepts may be confound and/or contradicting, but the overall presentation allows for the full realization of different perceptions and their comparison and contrast all lead back to Stevenss p rocedure for poetry. This purpose being to relate experience while recognizing that each experience/perception/reality/dream is unique and insightful. In a long poem with many sections, an overall theme or fiction may not be attainable or seen as contradictory. The value of this poem lies in the realization and address of different perspectives, and the acceptance an evolving world.Work CitedPatke, Rajeev. The Long Poems of Wallace Stevens An interpretive study. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 1985.Stevens, Wallace. Collected Poetry and Prose. New York Literary Classics of the United States, Inc. 1997.

Taco Bells Success Essay -- Business Management Studies Essays

Taco Bells SuccessDid Taco Bells success result from a make pass down or bottom-upapproach to qualify? What situations drove this change, and whatleadership approach did John Martin use? What was the old (previous)leadership modal value and what was its demarcation? Taco Bells success resulted from a top down approach to change.Along with the new organizational structure came the job position ofMarket Manager. Management added this new position to send a hardsignal that they wanted different behavior. They wanted people to bebroader managers, good at managing P & L, to be decisive and to takeownership. The Market Managers had a kitty of responsibility becausemanagement had pushed down a large can of decision making. One of the situations that spurred this change is the notion ofself sufficiency or the fact that a restaurant can operate by itself.John Martin knew this had to be done because there were 1500 Taco Bellrestaurants and it is too much extra work to impart to constant lymonitor both of them. Management realized that they needed newproduction techniques to serve customers more efficiently. They alsoknew that they need new training and cultivation methods to be morecompetitive and to have more uniformity in the products they wereserving. Management also knew that they needed to install OperationalInformation Systems in all of the restaurants in order to keep up withtheir competitors. These are just a few of the many factors that drovethe change of Taco Bell. John Martin introduced the democratic style of leadership to theTaco Bell chain. John Martin acted as a leader who involved hisemployees in the decision making process and delegated a great deal ofauthority to lower level positions. In addition, Martin encouragedparticipation in deciding work methods and goals and used feedback tocoach his employees. The laissez-faire style of leadership that had been previouslyused at the Taco Bell restaurants. This means that the leader gave hisemployees a great deal of freedom to make decisions and to decide onwork methods. The limitation of this method was that employees had toomuch freedom and were not working to their full potential. Inaddition, this method failed because all of the restaurants wereoperating differently which hurt the organization as a whole.2) Was change increment... ...ustry. RM had reports on food cost, labor cost, inventory, perishableitems and period to date costs, all with variances due to the ATCOsystem. Pods were part of the companys strategy for comer a pointof distribution to Market Manager span of 60 to 1. Executivesbelieved that 30 to 1 (restaurants to MM) was within reach. If eachrestaurant added a pod, 60 to 1 would be achieved.9/10) Visit a Taco Bell virtual and/or electronic-provide an up todate outlook based on Structure, Technology, and People as a frameworkfor your response. The structure of the store has changed since the old-ways. Itused to be the food-preparers had their backs to the custo mer. Now thefood-preparation station is perpendicular to the customers Customers can now see how the workers are making their items. The readiness of the food is behind that preparation station. The cash registers are now computers. They are touch-screenmonitors for the employee to enter in the order. The order is thensent to the preparation station where it is pose in queue. Therestaurant manager is visible. The RM is doing something, eithermaking food or taking orders.