Macbeth- the Destruction of Power

Within William Shakespeare’s play, ‘Macbeth’, the destructive nature of power is immensely explored. The nature of power is obliquely and inevitably expressed through Macbeth’s ambitious drive for supremacy, the unknown and distraught notion of fate and free will, as well as a personal reaction towards the concept of power. Although, the majority of the play is based on the destructive nature of power, the moral nature of power is also portrayed, in spite of the evil. Macbeth was naturally an ambitious man, who constantly desired more.However, he was greatly influenced by his wife Lady Macbeth, for in the beginning Macbeth’s nature was â€Å"too full o[f] the milk of human kindness†. Lady Macbeth’s provocation encouraged the evil residing in Macbeth and his ambition only increased â€Å"I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself and falls on the other. † The weird sisters we re aware of his overpowering determination and were able to manipulate him into believing he had the potential to gain â€Å"absolute power†.Via these strong influences and his unfathomable ambition, Macbeth went to great extents to retrieve ultimate power, essentially transforming into a tyrant within the process. Macbeth’s level of free will is questionable, for it seems that despite the triggers of his ferocious actions, he was an exceptionally hubris man. The witches can be depicted as advocators for fate, rather than fate itself and with the support of manipulation, they were able to convert Macbeth into an ignorant autocrat. â€Å"Fair is foul and foul is Fair. Weird sister’s prophecies were not what they seemed. Although, Macbeth received various triggers that led to his destiny, it is likely that he would have received the same fate, had the witches not interfered. â€Å"I'll make assurance double sure, And take a bond of fate. † Macbeth attempts to control fate by murdering his possible threats to power. Macbeth was ambitious at heart and clearly a power driven man, whom takes pride in his masculinity and in essence already on the pathway to destruction.Macbeth was too focused on gaining his own power and control, to comprehend the issues arising against him. As Macbeth aspired to optimum power, he gradually began to dehumanise. â€Å"What need we fear who knows it, when none can call our power to account? † Lady Macbeth questions whether the guilt and anxiety of murdering these loyal people was worth the power or lack of it. The weird sisters manipulated Macbeth into believing he was invincible, resulting in irrational acts of terrorism against the people of Scotland.Murder, betrayal, torture and cruelty were inflicted upon all of Macbeth’s followers on a regular basis, whom were forced to obey him. â€Å"I am in blood, stepped in so far, that, should I wade no more† Macbeth went too far, to withdraw and developed into a tyrannical leader for the simple reason he had the power to do so. What he chose to do with his power lead to his corruption, although, not all choose the wrong path. There are some individuals born to lead and gain power, with the intention of goodness and then there are others who do not retain the ability to effectively control their power.Duncan and Malcolm both emanate morality, with the aspiration to improve and support their country, Scotland. â€Å"But I must also feel it as a man,† Malcolm exclaims as he understands he must feel compassion In order to become a respectable leader. The destructive nature of power is explored in many aspects throughout the play, for each individual reacts differently. Macbeth was ambitious at heart and easily influenced to commit such brutality against his own people.However, Malcolm and Duncan were able to harness and control their power with intention of supporting their country to the best of their abilities. Mac beth’s fate seemed inevitable despite the weird sister’s interference, for he already retained the qualities of an ambitious tyrant. Macbeth ultimately desired power with fierce determination and eventually received it. Once he had acquired all power, he became ignorant and apparently ‘invincible’ ultimately resulting in his destruction.

Bike Vs. Car

Watching television is one of the major Issues of this century, which has many physical and psychological effects on people. Television has caused Individuals to have eating disorders. It has made children only want to be like the stars they see on the screen. Lastly, television has created a gap between families. Watching television has become something every family participates In now-a- days. It Is part of a normal standard In everyday use.Slating In front of the television fore a meal and eating there during the meal Is extremely common now. There are even meals made for this called â€Å"TV Dinners†. This causes Individuals to gain a significant amount of weight. This weight gain leads to obesity. Children look up to the people starring on television. They want to be the stars, look like the stars, and even act like them too. This causes the â€Å"monkey see monkey do† effect. Tons of children , and individuals in general, try to be like what they see on television . Drugs, alcohol, violence, sex, and all sorts of other bad influences come from watching television.Children look up to this and are only forced to grow up faster, by being exposed to such things, and participate in such acts. Legalize 2 While watching television, all attention is focused on the screen and dialect coming from the screen. It is especially hard to break focus when one is very interested in a show or movie. This makes it drastically difficult to talk to an individual while they are watching television. In return, this causes a broken bond between families. Children are more focused on the television and seem to ignore their parents. Coincidentally, arenas are guilty as well.They even get so attached to their shows they ignore their children. This causes separation in the home between parents and children. Television was aimed to be a positive object to entertain individuals. Yes, television still airs great shows and movies, although, watching television has caused mo re negative effects in the long-term. Children are trying to duplicate what they see on television. Parents and children are losing their close-knit relationships. Individuals are even obtaining eating disorders from eating aimlessly while watching television.This is why watching television causes physical and psychological effects on people. Bike Vs.. Car By Arians-Legalize Watching television is one of the major issues of this century, which has many physical and psychological effects on people. Television has caused individuals to Watching television has become something every family participates in now-a- days. It is part of a normal standard in everyday use. Sitting in front of the television before a meal and eating there during the meal is extremely common now. There are even meals made for this called â€Å"TV Dinners†. This causes individuals to gain a

A project on night blindness Essay

Introduction: Night blindness also known as Nyctalopia is not a diagnosis, but rather a symptom of an underlying disorder. People with night blindness (also called impaired dark adaptation) see poorly in the darkness but see normally when adequate amounts of light are present. The condition does not actually involve true blindness, even at night. Recovery is fairly rapid when intake is reduced. Night Blindness is commoner than one can expect it to be. Causes: There are many causes of Night Blindness. Night blindness can be linked to a variety of conditions caused by impaired liver function, which in turn reduces vitamin A in the body. Vitamin A deficiency is a common cause for night blindness. Some people are just born with it. Many people who are alcoholics or drink a lot may also get Night Blindness because drinking can damage your liver, which makes it easier to pick up an infection of any kind. Symptoms: Symptoms include difficulty seeing when driving in the evening or at night, poor vision in reduced light. You may have a feeling that your eyes take longer to â€Å"adjust† to seeing in the dark. Initially there is slight difficulty in seeing in dim light later this progresses. The field of vision becomes narrow then later limitations in day vision. If no medication is taken blindness can occur. Toxic symptoms can occur with a large intake of Vitamin A. This is called Hypervitaminosis A, which leads to loss of appetite, a dry, itchy skin often with peeling, intense headaches and an enlarger liver. Typical Sufferers: Night Blindness starts at an early age, around 15 years and progresses into adulthood. Typical sufferers of Night Blindness are the elderly, teenagers and alcoholics. Many younger kids maybe born with night blindness it may  also be an indicator of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Also Night Blindness can also occur if there is a poor intake of Vitamin A. Some people can be born with Night Blindness because it is a genetic disease and runs in families. Treatment: Night Blindness can be treated with therapeutic dosages of the vitamin A. Some types of damage to the retina, such as Retinitis Pigmentosa, are usually irreversible. Many treatments like Vitamin A tablets are being given, but their definite effect has not been documented. Taking supplements of Vitamin A in eye drops is also used to treat Night Blindness. Also just eating healthy and eating more Vitamin A products can improve your eyesight at night, but it is not a permanent cure for Night Blindness. Prevention: Preventions of Night blindness can be a larger intake of Vitamin A. Eating leafy green vegetables such as spinach that is rich in Vitamin A. It contains more vitamin A than most other green vegetables. This vitamin promotes growth and health, specially the health of the eyes. Lack of this vitamin may lead to night blindness. Spinach is thus an effective food remedy for the prevention and treatment of night blindness. Also eating animal livers, milk, and yellow vegetables can improve the intake of vitamin A in your body. These vegetables, which contain carotene, that is a chemically related substance that is converted to vitamin A in the body. Conclusion: If you think you might have Night Blindness and are seeing some of the symptoms you should start eating more Vitamin A. Having too much vitamin A can be bad for your body, because Vitamin A is one of the few vitamins in which excess produces definite and severe effects. Recovery is fairly rapid when intake is reduced. There are many varieties of Night Blindness, some begin earlier and progress faster. Night Blindness is serious and is commoner than one can expect it to be! Bibliography Gottlieb, William. The Doctors book of home remedies. Prevention Magazine Health Books. 2000. Ch. 99 Medical Encyclopedia. 20 Feb. 2003 Night Blindness. 20 Feb. 2003 Night Blindness Gene. 16 Feb. 2003 Upgren, A.R. Night Blindness: Light pollution, the environment, and our experience of nature. The Amicus Journal Winter. 1996. Pp. 22-25 Vitamins. 16 Feb. 2003

Is Technological Progress a Thing of the Past Essay

Is Technological Progress a Thing of the Past - Essay Example Government debt means that less money is being ploughed into funding technological process. As a result, people rely on private funding for technological invention, and this is hard to come by in most cases. In addition, the baby boomers generation means the society largely has older populations, who have already seen the best of technology. In the main, this means that there are fewer young and passionate inventors than there were before, and for that reason, there is a possibility of fewer inventions than seen in the past centuries. Computers have revolutionized operations in the world and enables people conduct operations that they were unable to do before. Its application in technological process means that there are more unlimited possibilities in the future for technological advancements. In the main, no single technological operation that exists without computer applications and simulations. The lecturer affirms that not all the low-hanging fruits of technology have been picked. Computers have the possibility to result in operations that were not possible before. Even so, there is the possibility of technologies that may revolutionize the world. For instance, the concept of a flying car can be quite interesting. Recently, hybrid cars have been invented, and they have proven their advantages in terms of fuel consumption and safety considerations. Although most important technologies have already happened, the future has unlimited possibilities. Simulation of chemical properties often results in new materials, which were undiscovered before. In addition, computer models sometimes result in accidental inventions, which may be both detrimental and beneficial. This means that technological progress may be both intentional and unintentional, and thus the future is unpredictable. In conclusion, the limits of technological progress are boundless and one cannot necessarily rule out technological advancement as outdated. Although it

Electoral Record and Contentious Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Electoral Record and Contentious Issues - Essay Example Jack Layton, who was considered as universally respected led the NDP to elections in 2011, although he died from cancer in a tragic manner several months before the onset of the elections. The new leader for NDP, Tom Mulcair, as in the case of Layton, was bilingual and came from Quebec. However, the political career for Layton was based in Ontario, which was an English-speaking region, where Mulcair used to serve as a Minister for the provincial administration of Quebec. The Liberty Party was unsuccessful during the 2008 elections, while under the leadership of Stephane Dion as well as in the 2011 elections when Michael Ignatieff, a previous professor from Harvard led the party (Michaels, 2015). After the loss of the two academics, the party has decided to select a new leader, John Trodeau, whose name was popular as he is the son of Pierre Trudeau, who served as the previous Prime Minister (Michaels, 2015). At the birth of John Trudeau, his father served as the Prime Minister, meaning that in case the Liberal Party succeeded, then Trudeau would manage to step to the house, the Prime Ministerial dwelling situated at 24 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, since that was where he was raised (Brewster, 2015). Unfolding Count Canada is usually spread in times zones of about 4 hours, although the close times gap for the polls are compressed to approximately three hours. With the announcing of the results, bans have been put in place in the recent years with regard to reporting results for those provinces whereby voting is still taking place.

Equity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Equity - Essay Example 2. Geographic location is one of the most important constraints that decide the internal payment structure of the organization as the location influences the standard of living of that employee. A posh locality where it demands high living costs require high compensation packages so the employee expects that the organization will compensate the expenses. Profitability: As the company incurs profits the dispensable income will increase which will be given to the employees and stakeholders as dividends and bonus. The more the profits the more will be the pay structure for the employees. Employee performance: The employee dedication towards the work and the way the employee perform the job activity will ultimately reflect on the organization’s performance and the profitability. The best employee will be recognized by some incentives and rewards which in turn motivates the employee 3. External factors like the government policies and regulations, the culture and customs and stakeholders play an important role in designing a pay structure as they provide the necessary inputs from unions and other parties to promote or to consider a compensation package for the employees which is socially acceptable. The organization requires individuals who can mould their experience into the mission and objectives of the organization for which there are working for; to accommodate people of this high interface, pay structure should be unique in its sense to entice the potential employees.

Expanding paper (two more pages) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Expanding paper (two more pages) - Essay Example Like Keats, bit with more justice, he laments, in the lines of ‘To the muses’ the feeble, artificial and meager achievement of the time. His notes are neither languid, nor forced but remarkably varied and spontaneous. Even in his less perfect work, there is not only abatement of fresh enthusiasm, but, rather an overtaking of powers not yet fully equip for high flights† (1) . The criticism has been taken from ‘The Cambridge History of English Literature† Volume-XI; 1954 Edition. Unquestionably, this criticism depicts the inner song of Blake’s heart. The romanticism is a multi layered subject in the period of French Revolution, in the post industrial Europe an well as America. The mature work by the writer often lefts us baffled with its complexity. No wonder whatever is being written by the poet, on later stage of the era, evokes much more applause as well as criticism from the erudite critics across the globe. It is the marvel of his work, discov ered much after his death, makes our heart full of joy and mysticism that propels us to another paradigm.

Organizational Issues and Trends Questions Essay

Organizational Issues and Trends Questions - Essay Example Most employees perceive orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l politics Ð °s one of the most importÐ °nt fÐ °ctors which support positive climÐ °te Ð °nd morÐ °le. This dynÐ °mic interrelÐ °tionship provides one with the Ð °bility to tÐ °lk to oneself in terms of the community to which one belongs Ð °nd lÐ °y upon oneself the responsibilities thÐ °t belong to the community. OrgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l politics involves Ð °ll importÐ °nt issues which help the society Ð °nd the orgÐ °nizÐ °tion to sÐ °ve nÐ °turÐ °l environment tÐ °king into Ð °ccount morÐ °l duties Ð °nd responsibilities for current Ð °nd future generÐ °tions. This politics cÐ °n be interpreted Ð °s Ð ° philosophy of the industry Ð °nd its morÐ °l guide. OrgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l politics helps mÐ °nÐ °gement to creÐ °te positive Ð °ttitudes Ð °nd strong vÐ °lues, increÐ °se productivity Ð °nd improve performÐ °nce (Certo and Certo 2005). 2. MÐ °nÐ °gement of stress, Ð °n integrÐ °l pÐ °rt of orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l behÐ °vior, hÐ °s Ð °ssumed Ð ° vitÐ °l strÐ °tegic role Ð °s orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l Ð °ttempt to compete through people. The compÐ °ny creÐ °tes Ð ° competitive Ð °dvÐ °ntÐ °ge when it possesses or develops humÐ °n resources thÐ °t Ð °re psychologicÐ °lly strong, Ð °nd orgÐ °nized. My orgÐ °nizÐ °tion uses different techniques to help employees get out of stress. The most common techniques Ð °re identifying Ð °nd Ð °nÐ °lyzing the cÐ °uses of stress, etc. Ð  speciÐ °l Ð °ttention is pÐ °id to the seculÐ °r Ð °pproÐ °ch to stress mÐ °nÐ °gement. This Ð °pproÐ °ch is bÐ °sed on understÐ °nding the meÐ °ning Ð °nd purpose of live. In the field of orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l behÐ °vior, the seculÐ °r Ð °pproÐ °ch helps to understÐ °nd significÐ °nce of the work Ð °nd personÐ °l vÐ °lue. Using this Ð °pproÐ °ch, employees cÐ °n Ð °void stressful situÐ °tions, or better to sÐ °y, they chÐ °nge their Ð °ttitude towÐ °rds unpleÐ °sÐ °nt events Ð °t the work plÐ °ce, Ð °nd leÐ °rn how to reÐ °ct to externÐ °l chÐ °llenges. If Ð °n employee hÐ °s strong personÐ °l beliefs it helps him to

Crime and Delinquency in America Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Crime and Delinquency in America - Term Paper Example Background Information on Crime and Delinquency Defining Crime and Delinquency Crime and delinquency are actions undertaken that are against moral, social and legal laws due to the fact that it can bring harm to a person or a group in the society. This is a general definition since, it is a challenge to limit, measure, explain, and define the true nature of crime and delinquency. The complexity of these terms is due to the involvement of the different social institutions such as the family, the school, the media, the work institutions, the law enforcement agencies, and the political institutions (Regoli, Hewitt and DeLisi, 2009). It is important to consider that crime and delinquency are almost similar terms but there is a minor difference between the two terms. Based on the work of Regoli, Hewitt and DeLisi, the main factor that separates the definition of crime with that of delinquency is the age of the offender. Delinquency is a term used for illegal activities of the youth or juv eniles (2009, p. 27). Crime and delinquent actions are considered to be major concerns in the society on the basis of the negative and harmful effects. There are different types of crimes and delinquencies on the basis of the action and the victimization. These include violent crimes, personal theft, and property crimes. Violent crimes include murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated or simple assault. Property crimes include household burglary, larceny-theft, or motor vehicle theft (Truman and Rand, 2010, p.1; US Census Bureau, 2011). Statistical Information on Crime and Delinquency The prevalence of cases of crime and delinquency in the United States is the main reason for the concern regarding the issue. For that matter, numerous studies related to the causes and patterns of crime are being undertaken to be able to understand the issue well and decrease and eventually stop crimes. Based on the study conducted by the Bureau of Jus tice Statistics of the US Department of Justice, the trend in crime and delinquency in 2009 includes 4.3 million violent crimes, 15.6 million property crimes, and 133,000 personal thefts (Truman and Rand, 2010, p.1). It was observed that there are more black people that fall victims to crimes and delinquent behavior as compared to white people. In terms of gender, there are more male victims of crimes as compared to female but more female cases are reported. There are 53% female cases as compared to 45% males cases reported in 2009. Based on age, younger members of the population are the common victims of crimes specifically age 24 and younger. In 2009, citizens on US age 12 above had been victims of approximately 20 million violent and property crimes (Truman and Rand, 2010, p.1). Trends of crimes in the past few years had been observed to decrease. Thus, continuous efforts are being undertaken to increase the knowledge in the different crimes as well as seek solutions to be able t o resolve issues related to crime and delinquency. Based on the National Crime Victimization Survey, from the year 2000 to 2009, the overall crime rates decreased significantly by 39% (Truman and Rand, 2010, p.1). Notable decline in the crime rate had also been observed in the trends from 1980 to 2008 by the US Census Bureau (2011). Issues Related to Crime and Delinqu

Crime Theories of Durkheim and Robert King Merton Essay

Crime Theories of Durkheim and Robert King Merton - Essay Example Durkheim's most significant theoretical contribution to the field of criminology is his formulation of the concept of anomie. According to Durkheim's theory, society has the need and the moral right to regulate the behavior of its citizens. When society is in a state of rapid transition, the rules of society break down and people no longer can appraise their situation, "ambition was perpetually stimulated but never satisfied (Walter 1972). This condition Durkheim called "acute anomie" (Gottfredson and Hirsch 1990, p. 54). Chronic anomie occurs when overwhelming importance is attached to economic progress as the supreme goal in and of itself and secondary consideration is given to the regulation of human conduct and the control of individual ambition. These conditions which prevailed in the nineteenth century contributed significantly to the variety of social problems observed in that society (Durkheim 1992). According to Merton's theory, deviance is most likely in societies in which success is a major societal objective but where many of the inhabitants are unable to acquire the material possessions or social status that denote success. His theoretical argument is formulated in terms of the societally recognized goals that individuals strive for and the institutionalized means used to regulate access to these desired objectives (Gottfredson and Hirsch 1990). Merton recognizes that these goals and means are not equally available to all individuals because of the differentiated class and ethnic structure of American society. Striving for success within a society that is achievement oriented, some individuals for whom traditional paths to achievement are closed follow illegitimate or deviant means to attain success within that society Although this theory was originally developed in terms of American society, it has been applied to many of the world's other industrialized societies as an e xplanation of the persistence of criminal behavior (Merton 1967). The other similarity between Durkheim and Merton is an understanding social impact on an individual and his behavior. The possibility of varied acquaintances in modern, complex society led to the formulation of the theory of differential association, which holds that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others. The extent to which criminal norms and habits are acquired is determined by the intensity and duration of the association. The mechanisms for learning criminal behavior are no different from any other kinds of learning. Briefly, stealing is no more motivated by the desire for material goods than is honest employment. In the latter case, however, the individual is sufficiently committed to the society's norms and values to channel his desires through legitimate means while in the former case, the individual will pursue his goals by illegitimate methods (Gottfredson and Hirsch 1990). In contrast to Durkheim, Merton underlines that anomie theory addresses the impact of urban life on modern man suggesting that conflicts often arise in contemporary society because what man strives to attain is not accessible to him. This situation is characteristic solely of modern society because limited social mobility existed before the advent of

A Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

A Christmas Carol Essay Secondly, Dickens A Christmas Carol is a story with a happy resolution. This is another key reason for its lasting appeal. The reader is taken through a wide range of emotions but in the final stave the only emotions are of happiness and hope. We see happiness throughout the stave and this prompts the reader to hope for more joy in the characters future. This is important as it reflects the spirit of Christmas for many people and it was how Dickens believed Christmas should be. He appears to have achieved his aim of reversing the decline of Christmas celebrations at the time of writing the novel. Its enduring appeal is that it continues to be a reminder of the true meaning of Christmas. Dickens titles Stave Five as The End of it this appears to suggest that there should be no other meaning to Christmas except joyfulness and compassion for others. We learn that these are the messages that Dickens wanted to haunt their house pleasantly as stated in the preface. This also implies that he wants the messages delivered in the novel to live on and remain with the reader. During this stave when Scrooge speaks his sentences, they often end with exclamation marks which shows that he is now in a more pleasant mood. This adds a sense of excitement within the reader which contributes to the Christmas spirit shown in the stave. The use of exclamation marks changes in this stave as they are used positively which contrasts to the earlier staves when Dickens uses them negatively when associated with Scrooge. The narrators voice assures the reader that Scrooges transformation was long lasting and complete. The narrators omniscient view of the future explains that Scrooge went on to become not only a second father to Tiny Tim but also as good a friend, as good a master, and as good a man. By the end the reader feels that they have been immersed into Scrooges world and changed with him. The audience can sense the warmth and compassion that surrounds Scrooge now. The last line as Tiny Tim observed, God bless Us, Every One! summarizes how Dickens believes the spirit of Christmas should be. It is significant that the last line is from Tiny Tim as he symbolizes how Christmas can be enjoyed and celebrated despite not having the luxuries that others may have. It also leaves us with the final message that the feeling of goodwill does not only lie with the characters but the readers as well. The concluding feeling of joy and hope symbolizes all that Christmas represents and is one of the reasons that A Christmas Carol remains popular today. Another key issue in this novel is the potential to change and the redemption of a character. It engages the reader in the novel as they want to see Scrooge change so they are encouraged to continue reading. It also maintains the themes of hope and goodwill that is associated with Christmas. At the beginning Scrooge is seen as a cold miserable character that expresses no joy at Christmas. During Stave Two we see his potential for change as we realise that he did once have friends and family which shows that Scrooge was not always heartless and unkind. He remembers the little boy that came singing carols and his nephew earlier and is remorseful that he did not treat them better. The spirit takes Scrooge to a place where he used to work and is reminded how he had enjoyed Christmases in the past. Scrooges transformation continues through the night as the ghost of Christmas present shows him the Cratchit household who are a loving family even though they have no money. Scrooge shows concern for Tiny Tim the little crippled boy in the family. This shows that he is beginning to change as he takes an interest in other peoples well being. The last stave is where we see a drastic change in Scrooges behaviour. His merry attitude towards Christmas is seen when he says A merrier Christmas, Bob, my good fellow, than I have given you, for many a year! Ill raise your salary, and endeavour to assist your struggling family. From this we can see that Scrooge has a new kindness within him. It shows that Scrooge has realised that he has not treated Bob well and that he will try to make amends. It also suggests that Scrooge is now more charitable and generous. We also see that Scrooge is again thinking about others assist your struggling family which is an extreme contrast to Stave One If they would rather die they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population. A Christmas Carol remains as popular as ever. This is because it continues to be relevant to todays society. Dickens wanted to cut through the materialism of Christmas and remind people of its real meaning, which is a time to be joyous and charitable. Dickens use of strong language when describing Scrooges character at the beginning is to demonstrate that there is always a possibility of change and redemption of a character. This allows the reader to believe that there is some goodness in all. It creates feeling of hope, warmth and joy that is linked to Christmas. In A Christmas Carol Dickens use of language makes the reader feel that they are amongst the action. It conjures up all the range of emotions that a human being experiences and ultimately results in happiness, which is an emotion everyone strives for.

Christian College Thought Paper Essay Example for Free

Christian College Thought Paper Essay Going to school can offer many experiences. We are taught that we should do well in school so we can graduate, continue on to college, and from there have a job. But what if we went to college where the scholastic dream meant more than just attending your typical classes? What if you not only found yourself, but you found your spiritual path as well? Looking at colleges and finding the right one that offers what you need to succeed after graduation can be a time-consuming task. There are many colleges now, and they all offer something different. Times have changed so much that we can now attend college online. When reading Arthur F. Holmes book, The idea of a Christian College the four main themes I found were; understanding the student life, how liberal arts applies to life, how a Christian college can inspire other parts of your education and the results of education with Christian liberal arts. College Life as a Student According to Arthur F. Holmes book The Idea of a Christian College, many young people attend college or university, and their parents encourage them, without any gripping sense of what college is all about, beyond tentative vocational goals or questionable social aspirations. (Holmes pg 3) Many students are attending college because they have been programmed that way. They show up for class day in and day out, not very sure of the purpose or meaning behind it all. College students in this economy need to have a college education to get a job. Most students become misguided by outside influences of college life and end up partying away their tuition money. The  social scene becomes more important when the focus is lost. There is a lot of stress put on a new college student from the beginning of the registration process all the way to the classroom. So how do you choose the school and stay on track for success? Looking into a Christian college, you might think, Why choose a Christian college over a secular college? Its distinctive atmosphere should support an education that cultivates the creative and active integration of faith and learning, of faith and culture. (Holmes pg 6). With the idea of a Christian college, we have God-given, God-preserved, God-restorable potential, a potential to be developed, disciplined, and invested in response to God. In a Christian college gaining our education, we are more than just becoming the future job; we are already molded and placed here for a reason, a reason that God knows and one we journey for self discovery. If we do not work on the entire being while we are expanding our minds and stretching the muscle, then how do we expect to become that person that God has placed us here for. We need to not only focus on our education but on the entire being from the spirit within. Why doesnt this all come easily since we are all made in Gods image? Its because we are all human and given free will. The foundation of the theological mandate for Christian involvement in higher education can be focused on four concepts: creation, the human person, truth, and the culture mandate. (Holmes pg 13) Following what Gods will has for us and not to misuse them, value what he has given to us. Truth, if we confess that God is, the all-wise Creator of all, then he has perfect knowledge of everything we ever sought to know or do. All truth is Gods truth, wherever it may be found. (Holmes pg 17) Liberal Arts Liberal art teaches you to think. We are taught many things in our education that may not have anything to do with our career directly. These other classes allow our minds to grow and stretch in all areas of real life. Vocations and jobs are made for people, not people for vocations and jobs. The question to ask about an education is not what can I do with it? but  rather what is it doing to me as a person? (Holmes pg 25) When we go off to college, we are going with fresh minds to be taught and molded into our future career. Liberal education is an open invitation to join the human race and become more fully human. (Holmes pg 35) Understanding liberal arts and how the purpose of it will enrich our lives further within our career goals is very helpful in succeeding in the world. The most embracing contact between Christianity and human learning is the all-encompassing world and life view. The contemporary university tends to concentrate on the parts rather than the whole and to come away with a fragmented view of life that lacks overall meaning. (Holmes pg 57) The Result of an Educated Person What would a well-rounded, educated person look like, be like, and know? To train specifically for just one job and not allow yourself the freedom to educate your whole being will only limit you in the future. To cover and explore a range of capacities that help you feel part of a whole human race, develop yourself not just into a farmer or a physician or a businessman, but as a human being. Be reflective and moral in everything you do. Become a thoroughly responsible agent; that is the mark of an educated person. (Holmes pg 101) Fostering morals and virtues, believing in the quality of life, and applying those in our education, as well and learning from our experiences will enlighten us as humans. Taking the gifts that God has given to us and by his freeing us from the bondage of sin, we move forward with realistic hope. Faith, love, and hope bring to life purposefulness, expectations, and humility. (Holmes pg 102) After reading this book I have found that there is much more to having an education. I have focused my attention on just one thing becoming a nurse. My life experience of working in the hospital is to have core values such as understanding, honesty, faith, and openness. When Arthur Holmes writes Not just verbal skills and powers of communication but grace and eloquence therein as well, the ability to say the right thing in the right way at the right time, it reminds me of my blessings. (Holmes pg 103). If  we put god first in our lives everything else will fall into place for us such as, work and school. By going to a Christian college I found I am learning how to educate my spirit.

Delineation Of Pipeline Coating Defects Company Engineering Essay

Delineation Of Pipeline Coating Defects Company Engineering Essay The business sector of corrosion monitoring and control solutions we provide expertise in consultation, evaluation, design and installation of cathodic protection systems. With established field assessment techniques and specialized equipment such as CIPS/DCVG survey equipment. Engineers collect record and analyze field data efficiently so that clients are able to run safe and highly optimized systems. Corrosion solutions are provided in a cost effective and with highly professionalism to enable clients to enhance their facilities integrity management systems. Introduction: The external inspections using DCVG-direct current voltage gradient technique was performed on this pipeline on March 10th 2011 to March 24th 2011.Cathodic protection and coating are complementary to each other and when applied together, result in reliable corrosion mitigation. Cathodic design presupposes certain coating breakdown criterion for the given type of coating and given environment. If coating break down exceeds beyond the maximum percentage limit presupposed by the CP system design, cathodic protection may become ineffective. To ensure the effective cathodic protection and effective corrosion control, it is desired to access the condition of the coating of the underground pipeline. Exposing the pipeline by excavation all along the length, for this purpose is impractical. Various methods have been evolved for the assessment of coating condition without excavation. One of the methods is Direct current voltage gradient survey. Safety: The site activities were performed as per the applicable safety procedures. Work permit was obtained prior to commencing of site activities. The HSE requirements were explained by PCML engineer to the site team. All personnel safety gears such as safety boots, coverall. Hard hat, googles etc were used during the site work. Codes and standards: The measured potentials and performance of the cathodic protection system, equipment and materials shall comply with the requirements PTS and NACE standards code and other authority having jurisdiction over the system. NACE RP-O502-2002 Pipeline external corrosion Direct Assessment Methodology. NACE RP-0169-96 control of External corrosion of underground or submerged metallic Piping systems. NACE RP-05-75 Design, installation, operation and maintenance of impressed current Deep ground bed. The scope of work performed in this project is in accordance to industry standards has been maintained to ensure international codes of practice in corrosion control. The criteria used for protective potentials of buried steel are indicated in NACE international national association of corrosion engineerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s standards. Pipeline details: The pipeline has the following physical characteristics and these details shall be applied to design the cp system. GSPC on shore gas pipeline Length : 67km Coating : three layer polyethylene Service : gas Source station : poc (chain age 10 km) Destination station : metering station (chain age 67 km) Introduction to DCVG coating survey equipment: The direct current voltage gradient (DCVG) pipeline coating survey test equipment is version 9, and is the most technologically advanced version of the equipment that can be traced directly back to the original invention of the technique in Australia by john mulvany. With the equipment described in this document, through experience in its use and interpretation, it is possible to gather with a reasonable degree of confidence the following information about the pipeline being inspected. Coating fault epicenter location to within a 15cm circle, which means that excavation costs can be reduced. The approximate severity of the coating fault can be established so that coating faults can be prioritized for repair. The approximate corrosion behavior of individual coating faults can be established to ease identification of those coating faults that do not have sufficient cathodic protection. DCVG technique does not however detect metal loss but identifies sites where metal loss is possible. Identification of where coating faults gets its cathodic protection from, cp that the vulnerability of coating fault to being unprotected if a CP source becomes inoperable can be established. Identification of coating faults that are discharging or picking up DC Traction interference so that more effective mitigation technique can be implemented. Establish the effectiveness of insulating flanges. Identification of interfering structures that robs CP from the pipeline. Identification of defective test probes at which pipe to soil potentials are routinely monitored. Rapidly establish sections of pipeline that have a larger number of coating faults by studying the rate of decay of the DC voltage gradient signal on the pipeline. The data gathered by DCVG technique is not absolute but relative and is influenced by a series of parameters such as soil resistivity, depth of burial etc whose effects must be taken into account to improve the accuracy of any data. Typical applications of DC voltage Gradient Technology: Shown below are some typical applications of DC voltage gradient technology to evaluate the protective coatings and cathodic protection on buried pipelines. It has to be remembered that the protective coating on a buried pipeline is premier corrosion protection mechanism but all coatings have coating faults in them. To control corrosion of steel exposed at coating faults, cathodic protection is used. Cathodic protection is supportive technique. The relationship between cathodic protection and protective coatings is important and since DCVG studies this relationship and provides valuable information to control corrosion. Typical Applications are: Evaluate pipeline coatings to define rehabilitation requirements. Define weakness in the cathodic protection system. Validate that the pipeline has been constructed with minimum coating faults. Investigate interference effects. Establish effectiveness of insulating flanges and other methods of pipeline isolation. Provides data for operating license validation. Surveying complex pipeline networks not possible by other methods. Surveying under concrete and asphalt in city streets. Capable of surveying under over head power lines. Electrical continuity checking of mechanically jointed pipelines. Principle of the DCVG Technique: When DC is applied to a pipeline in the same way as cathodic protection (CP) the current flow through the soil to steel exposed at coating faults generates a voltage gradient in the resistive soil. The larger the current flowing the greater the soil resistivity and the closer to the coating fault location all give rise to larger voltage gradient. In general larger the defect, bigger the current flow and hence the voltage gradient, which is used to size coating faults so they can be prioritized for repair. In the DC voltage gradient technique the DC signal impressed on to the pipeline is pulsed at a frequency of 1.25 hertz. The DC signal can be impressed on top of the existing CP system of the pipeline or the CP system itself can be utilized by inserting a special switch or interrupter into one of the output cables from the nearest transformer rectifier. Only one transformer rectifier nearest to the survey area needs to be interrupted at any one time, thus the limitations of the other over line surveys where all DC influences have to be switched at precisely the same time does not apply for coating fault location. For more precise and intensive studies it is advisable to interrupt synchronously a number of rectifiers that are affecting the area being surveyed. For fault location the pulsing DC signal can even be imposed at a test post using batteries or a portable DC generator and temporary ground bed. Unique feature of DC voltage gradient technique is that the pulsed signal is irregular in shape i.e. switched ON for 0.45 sec of a cycle and OFF for 0.8 sec of a cycle. The irregular pulse allows the direction of current flow to be determined and compared to all other DC influences at an individual coating fault, enabling the degree of protection against corrosion at individual faults to be determined at the time of survey. To monitor the voltage gradient in the soil the technique utilizes measuring on a sensitive and especially constructed milli voltmeter, the difference in voltage between two copper/copper sulphate half cells placed in the soil at ground level. When spaced one meter a part in a voltage gradient one half cell will adopt a more positive potential than the other which enables the direction of current flow which caused the voltage gradient to be established. In surveying a pipeline the operator walks over the pipeline route testing for pulsating voltage gradient at regular intervals. As coating fault is approached the surveyor will observe the milli voltmeter needle begin to respond to the pulse, pointing in the direction of current flow which should always be towards the coating fault on the pipeline. When the coating fault is passed the needle direction completely reverses and slowly decreases in amplitude as the surveyor moves away from the defect. By retracing to the coating fault a position of the electrodes can be found where the needle shows no deflection in either direction (a null). The coating fault is then sited midway between the two electrodes this procedure is then repeated at right angles to the first set of observations, and where the two midway positions cross is the location of the voltage gradient epicenter. The coating fault epicenter location is then pegged. In order to determine various characteristics about a defect, such as severity shape, corrosion behavior etc. Various electrical measurements around the epicenter and from epicenter to remote earth are made for detailed interpretation. Survey Switch (Interrupter): The survey switch utilizes a solid state device to switch the applied DC at one of two speeds determined by the position of the STD/SLOW switch. The STD/SLOW switch has two positions which represent: STANDARD (STD) setting 0.45seconds ON followed by 0.9 seconds OFF SLOW setting 0.9 seconds ON followed by 1.8 seconds OFF The STANDARD setting of the switch is used for normal surveying to find coating faults. This speed of switching matches the typical response time of a survey operative. The SLOW switch position is used in conjunction with a digital voltmeter for pipe to soil potential measurements or current measurements via an inline calibrated shunt. The interrupter is connected in series into either the negative or positive cables from the DC source being interrupted. The negative cable is preferred. This is setup so that the cable coming from the transformer/rectifier is connected to the BLACK terminal on the interrupter and the cable from the pipe is connected to the RED terminal on the interrupter. Danger : under no circumstances should the terminals of the interrupter be directly connected across the terminals of the DC power source/ transformer rectifier as this will short out the power source and do serious damage to the interrupter and the DC power source. Also do not under any circumstance connect the DC interrupter terminals to an AC source. Survey meter: Survey Meter: The dominant visible feature of the survey meter is the analogue meter movement. The meter has a center zero needle position. This means that with voltage across the meter input, the needle rests at mid scale irrespective of the range switch position. The survey meter has the following voltage ranges 10mv, 25mv, 50mv, 100mv, 250mv, 1v, 2.5v, 4v. the voltage range of the meter can be selected using the voltage range switch sited on right hand side of the meter front panel. The range switches correspond to various ranges or multiples of the ranges on the analogue meter scale. The 10mv on the voltage range corresponds to the zero to ten milli-volts full scale deflection on the analogue meter (plus or minus 5mv about the center rest position of the meter needle). The 25mv on the voltage range corresponds to the zero to ten milli-volts full scale deflection on the analogue meter (plus or minus 12.5mv about the center rest position of the meter needle). The 50mv on the voltage range corresponds to the zero to ten milli-volts full scale deflection on the analogue meter (plus or minus 25mv about the center rest position of the meter needle). When not in use the range switch should be turned to the 4-volt range to minimize any chance of meter damage. Probes and Handles: The standard probes used with the DC voltage gradient equipment are especially adapted approximately one meter long copper/copper sulphate reference electrodes. The probes are lightweight, high strength tubes fixed at one end to an insulated stainless steel stud that provides both electrical and mechanical connection to the probe handle. The other end of the probe electrode contains a conductive wooden plug to make electrochemical contact between the soil and the copper sulphate solution/copper electrode. The wooden plug is a push fit into its plastic holder with PTTE tape used a washer. The plastic holder screws onto the probe using a flat rubber washer as the seal. Only one probe handle is switched on and used at any one time during the survey. The other is used as a spare. Plain handles that have no bias are available since only one bias handle is used at any one time for surveying. The probe handle has a built in bias that is controlled via an ON/OFF/Range switch and a Bias adjustment potentiometer. Preparing Equipment For Survey: Battery charging: Generally the DCVG meter and the interrupter will require charging more frequently than the handles. Each equipment will require separate continues charging for two days if the batteries are entirely flat. When operating several sets in order to ensure all components parts of the equipment sets are adequately maintained it is advisable to number each component and set up a charging register to keep a tally of what equipment has been charged when and for how long. Probes: A wooden probe tip should first be wrapped around its cylindrical section with white PTFE tape applying sufficient to ensure the wooden tip is a firm push fit into the probe tip holder. All the three holders should and tips should be soaked in portable water overnight. Water uptake causes the wood to expand and give a liquid tight seal. The copper/copper sulphate probes are filled with copper sulphate solution. The probe is filled almost full of copper sulphate solution through the probe tip holder end. The presoaked tip and holder plus washer are screwed onto the probe to make a liquid tight seal, the probe is inverted to correct position and the handle is screwed. Surveying Setting up DCVG signal: The most important parameter in ensuring an accurate survey and in determining the survey speed is the amplitude of DCVG pulsed signal. It is worth to spend time during setting up the DCVG signal is atleast 150mv and no larger than 1500mv. As the signal amplitude or strength vary along a pipeline, the signal strength at start(drain point) should be 1500mv and that at the other should be at least 150mv. A rapid decay of signal as described as above measured at two locations say would be an indication of poor coating on the pipeline. The presence of many coating faults or some large drain on the CO system can be expected. Whereas good coating would show very little attenuation of signal amplitude. The signal strength or amplitude is the difference between ON and OFF potentials measured on the pipe to remote earth, whilst the interrupter is switching ON and OFF the applied DC source. The amplitude is measured on the DCVG meter as the pulse size, the milli volts size of pulse is determined by measuring the difference in extremities of the pulsing meter needle using the bias and range switches to bring the full pulse onto the meter dial. The pulse amplitude at test posts measured to remote earth in not the same as the difference between ON and OFF pipe to soil potentials measured only at the test post. To get full value and meaning from DCVG measurements, the ideal source is CP system itself set at the same level of output as normal operation. Some adjustment to the TR unit output might be required if signal levels are inadequate. Rectifier: If there is no CP system installed then a temporary CP system must be setup. Ideally maximum of 50 amperes should be installed. A temporary ground bed may be steel poles inserted into the soil, or any steel structure such as a fencing post, overhead power line earthing systems, scrap, steel pipe, etc. caution need to be exercised in order not to burn out the interrupter. The interrupter should be connected into the electrical circuit as shown in the fig, utilizing short wire of optimum 10mm in cross section. The black terminal of the interrupter should be connected to the cable going to the pipeline. The polarity connection in important, if connected around the wrong way the interrupter will not switch the DC output if this happens just reverse the terminal connections on the interrupter. The interrupter should be inserted with the transformer rectifier set in its lowest output setting and the transformer rectifier mains electricity switch in the OFF position. For TR with a known output that is less than 25 amperes, after the interrupter has been inserted and the interrupter switch set to the ON position and interrupting speed switch to standard, the TR should be switched on and the output slowly increased to give normal output or higher to give an adequate DCVG signal. Poor temporary anode setup is the usual cause of inadequate signal. With a temporary setup where the DC source are batteries, a welding set or rectifier with no ammeter it is important that the following procedure is followed in order not to damage the interrupter by passing too much current. Adjustment to ensure good signal require trail and error and patience but extra time spent in setting up the signal will give greater confidence in the quality of the survey, which is usually achieved at a greater speed than on pipelines with a poor signal. Measurement of the signal level at test posts are carried out in exactly the same way as ,measurements made to measure pipe to soil potentials, except there are two measurements in this case : From the copper wire or test post terminal to the soil alongside the test post. From the soil position alongside the test post to remote earth. Assembling the DCVG equipment: Thr reference probes previously filled with cu/cuso4 solution and fitted with tips are screwed onto the probe handles. The meter strap is placed around the neck and waist so that the meter fits snugly on the operator. The connecting leads are fitted into the meter and into the probes to interconnect the two probes to the meter. The meter function switch is then turned ON and the range switch adjusted from 4volts to 1000mvolts. With the probe tips placed in the soil the bias to the right hand probe is switched ON. The bias to the left hand probe is not switched on, it is a spare available if needed, also to increase the amount of bias available should that from one handle not be sufficient because of large background DC in the soil. Move to the test point at which the signal is to be measured. With right hand probe make contact with the soil and with the left hand probe or with the plug end of the left hand cable, make connection to the test point wire. Adjust the right hand bias control knob and meter range switch until the full extent of the meter needle deflection is visible on the meter scale. Adjust the meter range until the deflection cane be read accurately . if for example the meter is on the 1000mv range and the mater needle deflection is from 225mv in the OFF position to 850 mv in the ON position , the signal on the pipeline at the test post is 850-225=625milli volts. Having measured the pipe to soil signal strength there is another measurement that to remote earth which must be added to that from pipe to soil to give the full signal strength at the test post. In measurement to remote earth the probes are used like a set of dividers by starting at the soil position at the test post and moving away at right angles, summing the voltages observed for each position of the half cells. Remote earth is reached when two or more readings small in size are the same. The signal strength should be noted at every test post and all other potential monitoring points along the pipeline route. Measurements must be taken at either end of a section under Overline To Remote Earth Potential Measurement. Survey as well as the distance apart, as these readings are required for calculating pipe to remote earth potential. Similar measurements to that described above are taken from the coating fault epicenter at ground level to remote earth at every coating fault and are used in calculating the coating fault severity. Operating instructions: Finding a defect: Adjust the meter a range switch to the 100mv range, and ensure that only one handle bias switch is ON adjusted to position 3. This is all that is necessary for normal surveying. Place the probes one in front of the other. Contact the soil with the probes approximately at 1.5 to 2meter spacing. Turn the bias control potentiometer to bring the needle of the meter onto the scale. Keep the needle on the meter scale the whole time the probes are in contact with the soil. Look for the meter needle to be flicking in response to the pulsed DC. Lift the probes srep out from the test point at which the signal strength was previously measured. Move forward 2 paces and contact the ground with the probes. Use the bias if necessary to bring the meter needle onto the scale. Look dor a needle deflection. If there is no deflection then step out another 2 paces and then bring the needle onto the scale with the bias control. If there is a deflection observes the needle to see which direction the coating fault lies. If you are unsure either change to a lower meter scale or move the probe forward along the pipeline. The meter needle points to the probe, which is nearest to the defect. The interrupter if OFF for longer than for what it is ON and when it is ON the current normally flows through the ground towards the defect. It is the size and direction of the needle flick or swing that you are interested in. it may be possible that the coating fault is small and lies behind you so correct identification of direction of the needle swing. If you observe a deflection lift the probe which is closest to the coating fault and move it 0.5meter towards the defect. Bring the second probe forward and place it where the first probe used to be keep moving forward in this manner. As you move towards the defect the amplitude of deflection will increase so there may be a need to change to a higher range required. When the coating fault is passed the needle deflection completely reverses and slowly decreases as you move away from the defect. Retrace the steps to the suspected coating fault position where the change in meter needle direction occurs. At the approximate null position with the probes at about 1,5 meters apart observe any meter deflection. If the deflection is from left to right move the left probe 15cm to the right hand probe. At the point of no deflection, the coating fault location lies midway between the two probe locations. Scratch a mark on the ground at the midway position. Turn through 90 degrees to work across the pipeline direction. Stand facing the mark in the ground and repeat the coating fault location process described above. At the new null position mark the midway position between the probes on the ground to cross the first mark. Recheck the first mark by turning back to the original position and checking for the null. Where the two lines cross is above the centre of the coating fault voltage gradient and is called the coating epicenter. As a final check that the location is correct, place one probe at the epicenter and the other about 1.5 meters away placed in turn at the four points of the compass. At each of the four locations the meter needle should indicate a direction towards the coating fault epicenter. If this is not the case then the epicenter has been incorrectly located or the coating fault location is at one end of a long crack in the pipe coating. Determining the Coating Fault Severity: Coating fault severity which is related to its geometric size although there are other influencing factors is determined from electrical measurements taken at the coating fault epicenter. The size/importance or severity of a coating fault titled %IR is calculated by expressing the over line to remote earth potential as a percentage of the actual pipe to remote earth potential (the signal amplitude) on the pipeline at the defect Once all information about a coating fault has been logged continue surveying along the pipeline route. A special but common type of voltage gradient encountered during the surveying has a long sausage shape generated by longitudinal crown cracking in coal tar, ruffling in tapes, and micro porosity in asphalt coatings or where many small coating faults occur in close proximity. Whilst this type of coating fault is often missed during CIPS or Pearson surveys, their presence can readily be recognized by DC voltage gradient technology because such coating fault have strong lateral voltage gradients. Coating fault size shape and location on the pipeline: A good indication of a coating fault size, shape and location around the circumference of a pipeline can be gained by plotting of the equipotential lines of the voltage gradient at a coating fault in the soil surface. Start by plotting at a plotting at a point equivalent to 30% of the over line to remote earth potential. Track the equipotential line by the nulling method around the coating fault epicenter all way back to the start point placing markers on the way. The line will indicate the size and shape of the coating fault. The distance from the epicenter to the pipe centre line as determined by a pipe locator will determine whether a coating fault is on the bottom, side or top of the pipeline but this is an awkward way of determining this. A small discrete coating fault on the top of the pipe will appear as a circular is potential shape. The same sized coating fault on the bottom of the pipe will appear as an ellipse, distorted to one side of the pipe center line. Because the effect the pipe itself has in distorting the isopotential lines from the pipe centre line, it is easier to determine the location of a coating fault around the circumference of a pipeline on large diameter pipelines than on the smaller diameter pipelines. Some examples of isopotential plots of coating faults of different shape on a pipeline are shown in figure An alternative way of determine the orientation of a coating fault is to carry out the four points of the compass readings at each location keeping the probe spacing the same for all four measurements. If the coating fault is on the top of the pipe all four readings will be of similar amplitude. If the two readings to the side are much larger than those taken down the length of the pipeline then the coating fault is on the bottom segment of the pipeline. If one side reading is larger than the other then the coating fault is on that side of the pipeline. Calculating the severity of coating faults: The relative severity of a coating fault is expressed by the term %IR, which is calculated using the following formula: Fault epicenter to remote earth * 100 Coating fault severity (%IR) = - Calculated pipe to remote earth OLRE*100 In short version, %IR = - P/RE Calculation of the pipe to remote earth potential is an important figure needed to calculate the severity importance (%IR) value for a defect. To be able to calculate the severity of defects it is necessary to know the distance of defects and the DCVG signal strengths at test posts either side of the sector being surveyed. The pipe to remote earth potential (P/RE) is calculated as follows P/RE = S1- dx(S1-S2) D2-D1 S1= signal at upstream test post in = 800mv S2= signal at downstream test post in = 300mv D1= distance of upstream test post =0m D2= distance of downstream test post=1000m dx= distance between upstream test post and defect = 400m the severity (% IR ) is calculated as over line to remote earth from the figure is 130milli volts pipe to remote earth calculated above in 12.0 from figure given then % IR 130 * 100 %IR = =21.7 600 Deciding Which Coating Fault To Excavate And Repair: The coating fault grading is 0-15%IR characterized as a small coating faults. Such coating faults can usually be left unrepaired provided the CP system of the pipeline is in good condition and there are not too many small coating faults in close proximity. 15-35%IR characterized as medium coating faults. These may need repair usually within normal maintenance activities 35-70%IR characterized as medium large coating faults. These faults need to be excavated for inspection and repair in order to fix what could be considered a significant coating fault. 70-100%IR characterized as large coating faults. These coating faults should be excavated early for inspection and repair. The characterizations of coating faults given above are only one input but a very important input to the excavation and repair decision. Other important factors are shape and method of coating failure, corrosion behavior, soil PH and resistivity, presence of hydrogen sulphide in the soil, operating temperature, age. Coating type, leak and metal loss history etc. DCVG data for on shore pipeline: SNO Chainage (Km) ON (-mv) OFF(-mv) Potential Swing(-mv) OLRE(mv) Signal Strength (mv) %IR Remarks 1 0+000 1650 1091 550 2 0+300 20 587.50 3.404

What literary techniques does F. Scott Fitzgerald use to present :: English Literature

What literary techniques does F. Scott Fitzgerald use to present Gatsby's party in Chapter III of the novel The people of 1920's America often lead a very extravagant lifestyle, rich people often overspent in vast amounts, a term known as Conspicuous Consumption. This basically means the rich spend so much and waste their money to such an extent on highly expensive and pointless things, that it actually makes the less fortunate people living in their midst even more poorer then they already are. The richer people of 'The Jazz Age' often wasted time by simply lounging around and getting drunk, having nothing better to do. This was due to the fact that many rich people had more or less done everything that there was to be done and had achieved everything they wanted in life, therefore becoming bored with life, so they wasted their vast fortunes showing off with expensive merchandise, throwing lush parties and going out every night. However the vast amounts of spending through this time soon came to an end, with the Wall Street crash just as Fitzgerald had predicted. The chapter opens up with a very descriptive and detailed introduction given to us by Nick. He seems to give us a lavish description of one of Gatsby's summer night parties, Nick seems to be looking on from his house watching the party in his usual voyeuristic fashion. It's possible that he's maybe slightly envious of the guests, possibly wishing to be there himself; it seems to give the reader that impression as the chapter goes on. This could be a good reason for the extra amount of descriptiveness. Nick also uses a simile at the start: "In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like months among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars." The term 'whisperings' could be referring to the guests usual gossiping of their host, another interesting quote shows that it's possible his parties can last for a very long time and is also a perfect example of Nicks excessive use of description: "at high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower o his raft, or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two-motor boats slit the waters of the sound, drawing aquaplanes over cataracts of foam." This also shows Gatsby's immense wealth. During the build up to the party, Nick sees a variety of events taking place, these events help display the sheer amount of money and extravagance that Gatsby must put into these parties, for example: " Every Friday five crates of oranges and lemons arrived from a What literary techniques does F. Scott Fitzgerald use to present :: English Literature What literary techniques does F. Scott Fitzgerald use to present Gatsby's party in Chapter III of the novel The people of 1920's America often lead a very extravagant lifestyle, rich people often overspent in vast amounts, a term known as Conspicuous Consumption. This basically means the rich spend so much and waste their money to such an extent on highly expensive and pointless things, that it actually makes the less fortunate people living in their midst even more poorer then they already are. The richer people of 'The Jazz Age' often wasted time by simply lounging around and getting drunk, having nothing better to do. This was due to the fact that many rich people had more or less done everything that there was to be done and had achieved everything they wanted in life, therefore becoming bored with life, so they wasted their vast fortunes showing off with expensive merchandise, throwing lush parties and going out every night. However the vast amounts of spending through this time soon came to an end, with the Wall Street crash just as Fitzgerald had predicted. The chapter opens up with a very descriptive and detailed introduction given to us by Nick. He seems to give us a lavish description of one of Gatsby's summer night parties, Nick seems to be looking on from his house watching the party in his usual voyeuristic fashion. It's possible that he's maybe slightly envious of the guests, possibly wishing to be there himself; it seems to give the reader that impression as the chapter goes on. This could be a good reason for the extra amount of descriptiveness. Nick also uses a simile at the start: "In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like months among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars." The term 'whisperings' could be referring to the guests usual gossiping of their host, another interesting quote shows that it's possible his parties can last for a very long time and is also a perfect example of Nicks excessive use of description: "at high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower o his raft, or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two-motor boats slit the waters of the sound, drawing aquaplanes over cataracts of foam." This also shows Gatsby's immense wealth. During the build up to the party, Nick sees a variety of events taking place, these events help display the sheer amount of money and extravagance that Gatsby must put into these parties, for example: " Every Friday five crates of oranges and lemons arrived from a

Law: Gideon Vs Wainright :: essays research papers fc

The framers formed this country with one sole document, the Constitution, which they wrote with great wisdom and foresight. This bountiful wisdom arose from the unjust treatment of King George to which the colonists were subject. Among these violations of the colonists' rights were inequitable trials that made a mockery of justice. As a result, a fair trial of the accused was a right given to the citizens along with other equities that the framers instilled in every other facet of this country's government. These assurances of the citizens' rights stated in the bill of rights. In the Sixth Amendment, it is stated that, "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right...to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence." A first reading of this phrase one might be think that this right, that which gives a person accused of a crime to have lawyers for his defense, is common knowledge being that it is among the most basic rights given to the citizenry of the p ublic. However, the simple manner in which this amendment is phrased creates a "gray area", and subject to interpretation under different circumstances. The legitimacy of the right to mount a legal defense is further obscured by the Fourteenth Amendment which states, "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States." As a result, many questions begin to arise which seek to determine the true right of the accused to the assistance of counsel. Should legal counsel be provided by the government if the accused lacks the funds to assemble a counsel for his defense? Or, on the other hand, does this amendment set the responsibility of assembling a defensive counsel on the accused even if he or she lacks the funds to do so? Also, do the states have the right to make their own legislation regarding the right of the indigent accused to have counsel appointed to them in the state trials, or does the Fo urteenth Amendment prevent this? The Supreme Court was faced with answering these questions in the case of Gideon v. Wainwright. In June of 1961, Clarence Earl Gideon, a fifty year old petty thief, drifter, and gambler who had spent much of his life in and out of jail was arrested in Panama City Florida. He was charged with breaking into a poolroom one night in an effort to steal beer, Coke, and coins from a cigarette machine (Goodman 62).

Confessions in the Ovids Metamorphoses Essay -- Ovid Metamorphoses Es

Confessions in the Ovid's Metamorphoses      Ã‚  Ã‚   Byblis and Myrrha, two of Ovid's impassioned, transgressive heroines, confess incestuous passions. Byblis yearns for her brother, Caunus, and Myrrha lusts for her father, Cinyras. Mandelbaum translates these tales effectively, but sometimes a different translation by Crane brings new meaning to an argument. As Byblis and Myrrha realize the feelings at hand, they weigh the pros and cons of such emotions. Despite the appalling relationships in question, each young girl provides concrete support and speaks in such a way that provokes pity for her plight. Their paths of reasoning coincide, but Byblis starts where Myrrha's ends, and visa versa; Myrrha begins where Byblis' concludes. The language used by Byblis and Myrrha arouses sympathy. Right away, Byblis exclaims, "What misery is mine!" to draw attention to her suffering (Mandelbaum 308). Later, she discusses her "grief" caused by the "evil fate" that makes Caunus her brother (308-9). Myrrha points out her "misfortune" in having not been born to those tribes that would allow her to fulfill her desires. Instead she is "forlorn- denied the very man for whom [she longs]" (339). In Crane's translation, Myrrha considers herself "most depraved" (on-line). All of these revelations compel readers to feel sorry for the girls in their situations; they seem to be victims of their desires. Byblis and Myrrha both denounce their passions. After Byblis awakes from dreaming intimately about her brother, she claims she would never want to see this scene in daylight (Mandelbaum 308). Later in her speech, she refers to her incestuous pursuit as a "forbidden course" and to her burning desires as "obscene, foul fires" (309). According to Cran... ...irl's speech draws further pity. Aside from all the similarities, each girl travels a different path in her mind. Readers feel more compassion for Myrrha and less for Byblis based on the paths they have followed. Ironically, Myrrha becomes the one who acts out her desires. As a result, she is metamorphosed into a Myrrh tree; in this form she will not contaminate the dead or the living with her foul actions. Regardless of Byblis' drive to build a relationship with her brother, she is denied the passion she seeks. She grieves over her loss profusely, so she becomes a fountain, never-ending in its flow. Works Cited Mandelbaum, Allen, trans. The Metamorphoses of Ovid. By Ovid. San Diego: Harcourt Brace & company, 1993. Crane, Gregory, ed. Perseus Project. 1995. Tufts University. 6 Oct. 1999 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/text?lookup=ov.+met.+init>

His Excellency George Washington

His Excellency George Washington His Excellency George Washington, written by Joseph J. Ellis, provides us a look at one of the most influential men in American history. However, instead of looking at the monumental titan as most did, Ellis wrote about the man behind the monument; his successes, failures and desires that few if any have written about before.While not as formal sounding to the reader with many questions and out of the way comments by the author based on opinion instead of fact, like on page 194 where in moment about Washington saying formal etiquette of the levees combined with Washington's natural dignity (or was it his aloofness? ) to create†¦. ‘ with the content in the parentheses being his own. This statement of his was neither followed up by any fact nor further discussion entirely which is necessary in these situations. Or is it?Ellis spent his book not focusing on the monolith but on the man, dating back to before the French and Indian war where Wash ington started to receive recognition for his services, to his death in 1799. Ellis looked past all the brass and silver of his success in the public and thoroughly explored his private and personal life. Ellis painted Washington as a man who focused intently on his bottom line, as seen on page 165 where Ellis describes that the main reason for Washington wanting to get rid of his slaves was not for moral reasons but for economic reasons, as the slaves were no longer worth the investment.Ellis harped on the fact that only 3 letters of correspondence survived between George and Martha Washington (page 42), which was one of the few times e released his emotions considering his natural stone exterior. Ellis also put considerable effort in to focusing on his home in Mount Vernon which was a centerpiece in Washington's life. His life was changed forever by his wife Martha who, even though they originally married for economic reasons, became a ‘mutually affectionate bond' (Ellis, 42 ). From the beginning Washington was concerned about his future in the aristocratic- like planter class of Virginia.Being the 2nd son in the family George was not slated to receive his father's fortune, so he would need to find another career where he could aka one. He got his first Job as a surveyor sent to check on land in the Shenandoah Valley (Ellis, 10). It is presumed by Ellis that this is the point at which Washington saw the expansive and untouched land to the west, a driving force behind his ambitions both at the start of the revolution (Ellis, 57) and during his presidency. During his youth, America was a land where most identified themselves as British, Virginian ‘army and worked alongside the British intently during the French and Indian war.However many of the colonists believed they fought the French and Indian war to be allowed to expand west. This thought was extinguished when the proclamation of 1763 was released, forbidding colonist expansion westward. This w as one of the starting points where colonists began to feel some resentment to the British Crown, and only snowballed with every act thereafter. As more taxes and acts were being placed on colonists more and more anger about a lack or representation in parliament began to seep into American politics.Many of the more radical members who wanted full separation/retaliation became to be known as the Whig arty (Ellis, 62). These Whig were inspired by the Country Party (Ellis, 62-63) of England and wanted to establish a republican like government that better represented the colonists in the Americas. As time went on and the revolution ended, while the framing of the constitution took place and there on after, 2 political parties in the United States began to take route. The first major group was the Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton which Washington was a supporter of.The Federalists are precursors to modern day republicans. On the other hand a large group of people in the south didn' t like the centralist ideas of the Federalists, fearing that the Federalists would destroy their agriculturally based economies (Ellis, 204-205). These men went on to form the Republican Party, or Anti-Federalists, which is the modern precursor to the Democratic Party. While a member of it Washington hated and despised these 2 parties as he feared it would lead to a deadlock (which we can see today). Many decisions that would affect Americas social future were decided in Washington's era.A large one, the legality of slaves was one that was with him from the time of the revolution where he considered offering freedom for those who fought for him, until he finally passed away (Ellis, 263). While personally against slavery from a moral stand point later in his life at the beginning he took advantage of slave labor to help create his massive estates that were pivotal to his position in Virginia society. He did have 1 condition however that most slave owners didn't have; he would never s ell members of a slave family, only the whole family together (Ellis, 258).Joseph J. Ellis created a biography that changed some perspective of Washington. No longer an immovable figure of greatness, he was portrayed as a man who went through hardships, strife, and success, while still keeping his goals and ideals alive. He was a man with a deep capacity for emotion who had learned self-control and was always looking towards the future. He saw George as a man who would do what it took to get the Job done, and extend his legacy forever. Most importantly, Ellis shed new light on the man and not the monolith of His Excellency George Washington.

Childcare Diploma

Oral interview SHC 31 2. 2 Describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication: ? The method of communication ? Environment (it depends with whom we are having the conversation) ? Proximity, orientation and posture (distance that we allow and take in consideration the cultural differences) SHC 31 3. 1 Explain how people from different backgrounds may use and/or interpret communications method in different ways ? Different culture ? Different way of saying things ? Different body language ? Different home environment ? Different routine ? Different meaningsSHC 31 3. 2 Identify barriers to effective communication ? Information-Language difficulties of expression ? Encoding -Inappropriate method of communication ? Transfer – Lost information, post missing, e-mail not received, written messages sent trough a child ? Reception – hearing difficulties, visual impairment, sign were not meant for them ? Decoding – not understanding the correct message – due to language difficulties, not enough time to understand the message, past experience influence the meaning of the message, stressed or distracted and the information is not absorbed ?Feedback – no facial expression, incorrect interpreting of the reaction, ? Response message not been received or misunderstood, negative response due to inappropriate style of communication SHC 31 3. 5 Explain how to access extra support or services to enable individuals to communicate effectively ? To try and find different way and methods to make someone understand: translating and interpreting services ? Speech and language services ( speech therapist or picture exchange, makaton – sign language) ?Advocacy services centres where they children can be consulted about matters important to them SHC32 2. 3 Describe how own values, belief systems and experience might affect the working practice ? You own values and you belief system can affect your work place sometimes because yo u may use only what you think is correct for the children ? By having other experiences and listening to other people advice might give you a different idea of how to do things better to meet children’s need

Inclusionary Practices In The Science Classroom Education Essay

Inclusionary patterns are those which involve pupils with or without disablements. Students who are physically or mentally impaired are given more attending, but they are taught in the same environment as that of the normal pupils. In order to manage such a group of pupils, teamwork is compulsory. A squad of decision makers, regular schoolroom instructors, physical instructors, particular instructors, physical and occupational healers, etc is required ( Meieran, – ) . There are two sorts of inclusion. Regular inclusion- is one where the particular pupils go in the schoolroom of general pupils. There they are given extra aid and particular direction in the schoolroom. Full inclusion is one where there is no segregation between general and particular pupils, and they work together ( Hub Pages ) . Experiences Richard Lange, is a talented expert, and he talks about his experience and about the international talented plans. He talks about his visit to Taipei, Taiwan, where he saw that these pupils had to take extended strict arrangement trials in order to acquire them admitted in these schools. These schools have big focal point on scientific discipline and research lab experiments at an early age. Cultivation of Inclusive Practices in Schools When inclusive patterns are cultivated in schools, the school faculty members must do certain that the instructors they hire have a focal point on handicapped pupils beyond that they have on normal pupils. The manner instructions are given is an of import factor, as it can function as solid foundation for inclusive schoolroom ( Dukes & A ; Dukes ) However, there are a batch of challenges that comes across in inclusive schoolrooms. The instructor has to be more inclusive and identify challenges by supplying practical activities, thoughts and attacks ( Inclusive Science ) . One obstruction which everyone comes across is the common attitude of instructors. It has been observed that the attitude of general pupil instructors is different towards the handicapped pupils. Their thought of inclusion and acceptableness differs in regard to the two types. This finally leads to a creative activity of ‘yours non mine ‘ kind of an hostile environment between both the pupils and the staff. A 2nd obstruction is that most of the clip the leaders are unable to acknowledge the demands of the inclusive schoolrooms, and hence, due to this deficiency of support from the staff and decision makers, success is improbable ( Green ) . Importance of Science Science has been considered as the most valuable topic to be taught to the handicapped pupils. Largely general pupil instructors have developing refering to learning pupils with disablements. Particular pupil instructors have had preparation in learning the scientific discipline topics. After the jurisprudence which stated that every kid has a right to achieve instruction was passed, budgets were allocated for the support of instruction of these particular childs. But a job came along with this credence. The scientific discipline instructors were non efficient plenty to convey the cognition to particular pupils, as they were small trained to cover with handicapped pupils, and in general, particular pedagogues had small or no exposure to scientific discipline. Therefore the cognition which the pupils receive is largely that from the text books. And nil beyond the text edition cognition could be explained to the particular pupils. It was observed that the instruction towards scientific discipline was non taken that earnestly. Patton, Polloway and Cranon in a study of particular instruction instructors found that 42 % of particular instruction instructors received no preparation in scientific discipline, 38 % of ego contained kids in particular instruction categories did non have any scientific discipline preparation. In the study further it was found that particular pedagogues spent merely 60 proceedingss in one hebdomad to scientific discipline, and 90 % of the instructors were dependent on the cognition which was available in the text edition. Therefore this shows that there was no existent practical deduction. Another flooring observation revealed that pupils with mild disablements on an norm of 200 proceedingss of text edition cognition received 1 minute of scientific discipline direction ( Norman, Casseu, & A ; Stefanich, 1995 ) . Science has become a general focal point for primary instruction. It is non necessary that scientific discipline is merely available to those who already have an chance and those who have received encouragement to prosecute it. It is besides made available to adult females and misss, all racial and cultural groups, physically and educationally challenged, etc. However pupils with disablements who are prosecuting their callings in scientific discipline frequently face a figure of barriers. These barriers include historical, attitudinal, institutional, physical, and curricular barriers. A undertaking by the name of Creating Laboratory Access for Science Students ( CLASS ) has been initiated in order to fix pedagogues for inclusive schoolrooms. They even teach them the methods of extinguishing the barriers ( Kirch, Bargerhuff, Turner, & A ; Wheatly ) . The whole construct behind Class inclusions came into being after the authorization ‘No kid left behind ‘ was passed. This authorization talked about kids equality retrospect to education. Out of the seven attacks, Friend and Cooke talked about five of them. Co instruction is coaction between the general instructors and the particular instructors. Increase in instructional options should be one of the ends of the instructors. Apart from this, the engagement and public presentation of these pupils should be enhanced. There are a figure of ways of carbon monoxide instruction. In the first attack the instructor will be responsible for learning while the other circulated throughout the room supplying support. In the 2nd attack, the instructor divides the pupils and content into groups, and so they split the clip every bit between each group. Parallel instruction is the 3rd attack. In this attack the category is divided, and so the instructor teaches each group the same conten t. The 4th attack is known as the alternate attack. In this type the category is divided into two groups. One big and one little, and each teacher instruct one of the groups. The smaller group is normally the one which requires most of the attending. Elementary instructors had a more positive attitude towards co learning instead than secondary instructors. Co instruction is fundamentally a partnership between two instructors, one particular instruction and one regular instruction. Elementary instructors would most likely to pass half a twenty-four hours or so with the particular instructors. Whereas, the secondary instructors would prefer to pass a period or two merely. Classroom direction is an of import issue. If the instructors plan their course of study and learning techniques in a advanced, so they would ne'er hold an issue pull offing a category. Plus the pupils will acquire to larn more from the instructors. Advantages/Disadvantages of Co Teaching There are a figure of advantages and disadvantages of carbon monoxide instruction. Students in carbon monoxide instruction categories get the attending of two instructors at the same clip. In this manner the pupils could easy be handled, in add-on to this the pupils get to larn more and they can pull more attending. Another advantage for the handicapped pupils is that they no longer are labeled as analyzing in handicapped schools, since they are analyzing with the normal pupils. However particular instructors showed concerns about the big sized schoolrooms. They believed that frequently instructors do n't acquire sufficient clip to function for handicapped pupils because of the figure of pupils in one category. Therefore they were non in favour of big category suites, alternatively they preferred smaller 1s ( Joe, Dowdy, & A ; Nichols ) . Qualitative Research There was a qualitative research carried out of two handicapped. Melinda and Philips were both in the same category, and at the ages of 15 ( Melinda ) and 16 ( Philips ) they were diagnosed with cognitive disablements. When the two of them turned 35, co by the way they met and it was found that they were having support through the Medicaid Waiver. The two of them were asked to take part in a research that was taking topographic point. The research was about the participant ‘s educational and personal experiences at that clip, the participant ‘s lives instantly after go forthing the schools, and the participant ‘s current lives. During twelvemonth one of the survey, when the participants were of 15 and 16 old ages of age, the two of them were placed in ego contained particular instruction category. Melinda ‘s records shows that after the first twelvemonth, she was included in the general instruction categories. Prince philips on the other manus was observed to stay in self-contained particular instruction categories for the remaining of his educational calling which was at the age of 22. Over the clip interviews were conducted with the participant ‘s parents and themselves in order to find any alterations in the personal differences and public presentation degrees. The surveies fundamentally shows that during twelvemonth one, Melinda was regressing academically and she showed marks of being riotous in unintegrated schoolrooms. Prince philips on the other manus was non being riotous in unintegrated schoolrooms, he was demoing marks of adulthood and he seemed to take part volitionally in activities that require functional faculty members. After go outing school Melinda was seen to make better in high schools, she prefers working independently, and her marks of growing were increasing. Prince philips on the other manus is seen to lose ego assurance. He was regressing academically, and was loath to interact with others. He had a fright of doing errors and non making things absolutely. When the research workers met Melinda 4 old ages after maturity, when she was populating, they found out that she lived entirely in her flat, had an extended natural support web, and used get bying schemes to help with processing troubles. Whereas in instance of Phili ps, he lived in his parents ‘ house, had lost several occupations and was presently working at a sheltered workshop for items, and had many troubles in the community. After 8 old ages of life as an grownup, it was observed that Melinda got married for an twelvemonth. She was married to Philip, and the two of them shared an flat. She had expanded her natural support web and was self assured of everything she did. Philips on the other manus had a portion clip occupation in the community, he approached advocators when in troubles, and he requires frequent confidences because he is dying with people around. Therefore the findings show that particular instruction in inclusive general instruction scenes may take to better results for pupils with disablements ( Ryndak, Ward, & A ; Alper, 2010 ) . Decision I personally am in a complete favour of inclusive instruction. In this manner the disabled would ne'er experience that he/she is low in capableness so normal pupil. We all are equal and hence shall be treated every bit. The authorization which was taken out by the US which is â€Å" No Child Left Behind † , should besides be implemented in Pakistan, it gives an chance to both the instructor and the pupils. In add-on, kids analyzing in such an environment learn to be patient.

Chewing Gum

Assalamualaikum and a very good morning to my fellow friends and Madam Nurma. Before I begin my speech, I would like to ask my lovely audience in front of me, have you ever found yourself in a situation where your hair is stuck with bubble gum and you accidentally step on a chewing gum? These situations can be really annoying right? So I decided to study a little about this little critter that everyone thought as a nuisance. Chewing gum was invented in the late 1800’s and we have the Alamo to thank. That’s right. .. Remember the Alamo?After General Lopez de Santa Anna lost the Alamo to the Americans, he figured that he could sell the Americans enough Chicle to raise an army to take back his power in Mexico. Santa Anna teamed up with an American inventor Thomas Adams who tried unsuccessfully to turn chicle into a new rubber for tires. Adams later figured out that with added flavour, chicle was an enjoyable substance to chew and could be sold for little money but big prof it to children. He opened the first gum factory in 1871. And by the 1880’s, the entire United States was stuck on chewing gum.Two other Americans are responsible for the popularity of chewing gum around the world. The first is another inventor, Walter Dimer. According to the book Pop, it is Dimer who dreamed of blowing bubbles with chewing gum. He invented a gum that had the texture that makes blowing bubbles possible. In 1928, the invention of bubble gum catapulted the popularity of chewing gum. The other American responsible for solidifying the popularity of chewing gum is Wrigley, who used advertisement to popularize gum.However, during WWII, the Wrigley Company heard that soldiers used their gum to overcome dry mouths on the battlefield. Wrigley pulled all of its gum off the shelves and donated them to the war effort. Americans returned victorious and after the war it was an everyday event to chew gum. Now that the history is unwrapped, we should chew on the importance of gum. According to the American Dental Association, chewing gum produces more saliva which helps to neutralize acids in your stomach as foods break down and can actually help prevent the breaking down of tooth enamel.As you chew your gum, more saliva enters your mouth and the more likely you are to wash away the bacteria that aids in tooth decay. Chewing sugarless gum for just twenty minutes after eating can help prevent tooth decay and can save the enamel on your teeth. Although this is no substitute to brushing and flossing, studies still prove that chewing sugar less gum can greatly help prevent cavities. In addition to giving you a healthier smile, another reason your teachers should let you chew gum in school is because it boosts skills.According to the Los Angeles Times from April 2009, chewing gum has been proven to boost academic performance. In one study, researchers asked one group of teenaged students to chew sugar-free gum while participating in math class. They had a co ntrol group not chew gum during the same class. They found that those who chewed gum on average showed a three percent better increase on a standardized math. The study claims that chewing gum helped the subjects concentrate and stay focused.. And when gum isn’t helping you concentrate on school work, it can help you relieve the pain in your ear on plane rides.According to research done by CNN, the stress exerted on your eardrum when a plane is either climbing or descending, can be improved by chewing gum which corrects the difference in air pressure and eases the pain. Again, chewing causes your mouth to produce extra saliva, and that saliva needs to be swallowed. It is the swallowing that helps equalize the pressure in your ears. Not only does chewing gum produce more saliva, but it can trick your stomach into thinking you are eating. According to the August 26, 2008 New York Times, doctors are prescribing chewing gum after abdominal surgery.After stomach surgery, eating fo od can cause nausea and vomiting. In order for your stomach to heal, it needs hormones that are released when you eat. The answer to this dilemma: chewing gum. Patients chew gum, which stimulates the gut and produces gastrointestinal hormones. Gum tricks your stomach into thinking you are eating without having to eat. As we can see, gum has been with us for a long time and will continue to evolve to stay relevant in our lives. Today, we unwrapped the history of gum and we chewed on its benefits. Chewing gum is actually a fun thing to do. Assalamualaikum and thank you for your kind attention. . Chewing Gum Assalamualaikum and a very good morning to my fellow friends and Madam Nurma. Before I begin my speech, I would like to ask my lovely audience in front of me, have you ever found yourself in a situation where your hair is stuck with bubble gum and you accidentally step on a chewing gum? These situations can be really annoying right? So I decided to study a little about this little critter that everyone thought as a nuisance. Chewing gum was invented in the late 1800’s and we have the Alamo to thank. That’s right. .. Remember the Alamo?After General Lopez de Santa Anna lost the Alamo to the Americans, he figured that he could sell the Americans enough Chicle to raise an army to take back his power in Mexico. Santa Anna teamed up with an American inventor Thomas Adams who tried unsuccessfully to turn chicle into a new rubber for tires. Adams later figured out that with added flavour, chicle was an enjoyable substance to chew and could be sold for little money but big prof it to children. He opened the first gum factory in 1871. And by the 1880’s, the entire United States was stuck on chewing gum.Two other Americans are responsible for the popularity of chewing gum around the world. The first is another inventor, Walter Dimer. According to the book Pop, it is Dimer who dreamed of blowing bubbles with chewing gum. He invented a gum that had the texture that makes blowing bubbles possible. In 1928, the invention of bubble gum catapulted the popularity of chewing gum. The other American responsible for solidifying the popularity of chewing gum is Wrigley, who used advertisement to popularize gum.However, during WWII, the Wrigley Company heard that soldiers used their gum to overcome dry mouths on the battlefield. Wrigley pulled all of its gum off the shelves and donated them to the war effort. Americans returned victorious and after the war it was an everyday event to chew gum. Now that the history is unwrapped, we should chew on the importance of gum. According to the American Dental Association, chewing gum produces more saliva which helps to neutralize acids in your stomach as foods break down and can actually help prevent the breaking down of tooth enamel.As you chew your gum, more saliva enters your mouth and the more likely you are to wash away the bacteria that aids in tooth decay. Chewing sugarless gum for just twenty minutes after eating can help prevent tooth decay and can save the enamel on your teeth. Although this is no substitute to brushing and flossing, studies still prove that chewing sugar less gum can greatly help prevent cavities. In addition to giving you a healthier smile, another reason your teachers should let you chew gum in school is because it boosts skills.According to the Los Angeles Times from April 2009, chewing gum has been proven to boost academic performance. In one study, researchers asked one group of teenaged students to chew sugar-free gum while participating in math class. They had a co ntrol group not chew gum during the same class. They found that those who chewed gum on average showed a three percent better increase on a standardized math. The study claims that chewing gum helped the subjects concentrate and stay focused.. And when gum isn’t helping you concentrate on school work, it can help you relieve the pain in your ear on plane rides.According to research done by CNN, the stress exerted on your eardrum when a plane is either climbing or descending, can be improved by chewing gum which corrects the difference in air pressure and eases the pain. Again, chewing causes your mouth to produce extra saliva, and that saliva needs to be swallowed. It is the swallowing that helps equalize the pressure in your ears. Not only does chewing gum produce more saliva, but it can trick your stomach into thinking you are eating. According to the August 26, 2008 New York Times, doctors are prescribing chewing gum after abdominal surgery.After stomach surgery, eating fo od can cause nausea and vomiting. In order for your stomach to heal, it needs hormones that are released when you eat. The answer to this dilemma: chewing gum. Patients chew gum, which stimulates the gut and produces gastrointestinal hormones. Gum tricks your stomach into thinking you are eating without having to eat. As we can see, gum has been with us for a long time and will continue to evolve to stay relevant in our lives. Today, we unwrapped the history of gum and we chewed on its benefits. Chewing gum is actually a fun thing to do. Assalamualaikum and thank you for your kind attention. .